The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: a population-based survey

Rief, Winfried; Buhlmann, Ulrike; Wilhelm, Sabine; Borkenhagen, Ada; Brähler, Elmar

doi:10.1017/s0033291706007264

Cited by 381 publications

(302 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This preoccupation leads to significant distress and impairment, time-consuming repetitive behaviors (e.g., grooming rituals, mirror checking, reassurance seeking), and marked avoidance (e.g., of social situations). 1 The disorder has an estimated prevalence of approximately 2% in community samples of adults [2][3][4] and is associated with high levels of occupational and social disability, including absenteeism, unemployment, marital dysfunction, and reduced quality of life. [5][6][7] BDD has received little empirical attention in adolescents, which is surprising given that an adolescent onset is reported in 70% of cases, with a mean age of onset around 16 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents With Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Mataix‐Cols

Cruz

Isomura

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

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Objective: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) typically starts in adolescence, but evidence-based treatments are yet to be developed and formally evaluated in this age group. We designed an age-appropriate cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) protocol for adolescents with BDD and evaluated its acceptability and efficacy in a pilot randomized controlled trial.Method: Thirty adolescents aged 12-18 (mean=16.0,SD=1.7) with a primary diagnosis of BDD and their families were randomly assigned to 14 sessions of CBT delivered over four months or a control condition of equivalent duration, consisting of written psycho-education materials and weekly telephone monitoring. Blind evaluators assessed participants at baseline, mid-treatment, post-treatment, and at two-month follow-up. The primary outcome measure was the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Modified for BDD, adolescent version (mean baseline score=37.13,SD=4.98; range=24-43). Results:The CBT group showed a significantly greater improvement than the control group, both at post-treatment (time×group interaction coefficient [95%CI]=-11.26 [-17.22 to -5.31]; p=0.000) and at two-month follow-up (time×group interaction coefficient [95%CI]=-9.62 [-15.74 to -3.51]; p=0.002).Six (40%) participants in the CBT group and one (6.7%) in the control condition were classified as responders at both time points (χ 2 =4.658,p=.031). Improvements were also seen on secondary measures, including insight, depression, and quality of life at post-treatment. Both patients and their families deemed the treatment as highly acceptable. Conclusion:Developmentally tailored CBT is a promising intervention for young people with BDD, though there is significant room for improvement. Further clinical trials incorporating lessons learned in this pilot and comparing CBT and pharmacological therapies, as well as their combination, are warranted.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents With Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Mataix‐Cols

Cruz

Isomura

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

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“…BDD is relatively common, with prevalence estimates ranging between 1 -2% in the general population (Rief et al, 2006;Koran et al, 2008;Buhlmann et al, 2010). The symptoms of BDD have been associated with substantial psychiatric comorbidity (Gunstad and Phillips, 2003;Pavan et al, 2008), poor quality of life (Didie et al, 2007) and alarmingly high suicide rates (Phillips et al, 2005a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Holistic versus detailed visual processing in body dysmorphic disorder: Testing the inversion, composite and global precedence effects

Monzani

Krebs

Anson

et al. 2013

Psychiatry Research

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Individuals with Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) are preoccupied with perceived defects in their appearance that are not visible to others. An excessive focus and processing of details has been proposed as a possible mechanism underlying this distorted self-image in BDD. The nature and extent of visuoperceptual abnormalities in BDD however require further investigation; specifically, it remains unclear whether feature-based processing in BDD is a result of a failure of holistic perceptual processes. The present study evaluated whether BDD is associated with an impairment in global processing. Twenty-five individuals with a primary diagnosis of BDD (15 unmedicated, 10 medicated) and 25 matched healthy controls were administered three robust behavioural tasks that test holistic encoding, namely the face inversion, the composite and the navon tasks. Overall, individuals in the BDD and control groups performed similarly in all aspects of holistic processing tested. Our findings suggest that the excessive focus on specific aspects of appearance in BDD may not be explained by impairments in the global encoding of visual information.Implications of these results and suggestions for future research on visual processing in BDD are discussed.

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“…As the prevalence of BDD was higher in the interview sample compared to the total sample, at least part of the explanation is probably that women with BDD are more likely to be single. Previous large population studies have reported that individuals with BDD are more frequently divorced or single than individuals without BDD (Rief et al, 2006;Koran et al, 2008). This is not surprising, since the disorder often leads to impaired functioning in relationships, socializing and intimacy (Phillips, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Women, who are indeed overweight or obese and preoccupied by this, might also reply "yes" to this question, even if they were not suffering from an eating disorder. Rief et al (2006) also excluded all individuals from BDD diagnosis, who reported their body weight as the primary cause of their appearance concern. In the other large German population study, a more specific way of excluding eating disorder was used (Buhlmann et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BDD appears to be relatively common. The three largest studies (n>2000) in general populations found BDD prevalence rates of 1.7-2.4% (Rief et al, 2006;Koran et al, 2008;Buhlmann et al, 2010). Using structured clinical interviews examining community samples, prevalence rates of 0.7-3% have been reported (Faravelli et al, 1997;Bienvenu et al, 2000;Otto et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validation of the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire in a community sample of Swedish women

Brohede

Wingren

Wijma

et al. 2013

Psychiatry Research

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Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is characterized by a distressing and impairing preoccupation with a nonexistent or slight defect in appearance. Patients with the disorder present to both psychiatric and non-psychiatric physicians. A few studies have assessed BDD prevalence in the general population and have shown that the disorder is relatively common. To date, no BDD assessment instruments have been validated in the general population. Our aim was to validate a brief self-screening instrument, the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ), in a female community sample. The BDDQ was translated into Swedish and filled out by 2 891 women from a randomly selected community sample. The questionnaire was validated in a subsample of 88 women, using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) together with clinical assessment as the gold standard. In the validation subsample, the BDDQ showed good concurrent validity, with a sensitivity of 94%, a specificity of 90% and a likelihood ratio of 9.4. The questionnaire can therefore be of value when screening for BDD in female populations.

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The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: a population-based survey

Abstract: Our study shows that self-reported BDD is relatively common and associated with significant morbidity.

Cited by 381 publications

References 31 publications

A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents With Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents With Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Holistic versus detailed visual processing in body dysmorphic disorder: Testing the inversion, composite and global precedence effects

Validation of the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire in a community sample of Swedish women

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