The prevalence and intensity of internal parasites of horses in the U.S.A.

Reinemeyer, Craig R.; Smith, Stephen A.; Gabel, A. A.; Herd, R.P.

doi:10.1016/0304-4017(84)90112-2

Cited by 146 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Our findings that a few strongylid cyathostome species constitute the bulk of the gastro-intestinal community in the wild Polish primitive horse are confirmed by results of helminth surveys conducted in various breeds of domestic horses in other countries, i.e. Great Britain (Ogbourne, 1976), Spain (Meana et al, 2004), the Netherlands (Eysker & Mirck, 1986), Hungary (Farkas, 2004), Poland (Gawor, 1995, Romaniuk et al, 2001, Australia (Mfitilodze & Hutchinson, 1990), USA (Reinemeyer et al, 1984;Lyons et al, 1997) and South Africa (Scialdo-Krecek, 1983). Similar results were obtained also from Asiatic equids, Turkmen kulans (Equus hemionus Pallas, 1775) in the Ukraine and Turkmenia (Dvojnos et al, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Gastro-intestinal parasites in yearlings of wild Polish primitive horses from the Popielno Forest Reserve, Poland

Slivinska¹,

Gawor

Jaworski

2009

Helminthologia

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SummaryTo evaluate the gastro-intestinal parasite fauna of the wild Polish primitive horses (Equus caballus gmelini Ant., forma silvatica Vet.), 11 yearlings captured in the Reserve according to the control rules of population dynamics were diagnostically dewormed with abamectin+praziquantel. Expelled parasites were collected from the faeces 24, 36 and 48 hours after treatment. Among a total of 4456 specimens (a mean 405.1 per horse) 27 nematode species, one cestode and one species of botfly larvae were recovered. Strongylids were 100 % prevalent and represented by 24 species (2 large strongylid and 22 cyathostome species). Five cyathostome species (Cylicodontophorus bicoronatus, C. insigne, Poteriostomum imparidentatum, Parapoteriostomum mettami and Gyalocephalus capitatus) were recorded for the first time in Polish primitive horses, whereas two species (Cyathostomum montgomeryi and Cylicostephanus bidentatus) were found for the first time in the horse in Poland. Oxyuris equi was found in 100 % and Parascaris equorum in 63.6 % of yearlings surveyed. Tapeworms (Anoplocephala perfoliata) were revealed in 72.7 %, while Gasterophilus intestinalis instars in 90.9 % of horses. At least three parasite species were highly prevalent (i.e. S. vulgaris, A. perfoliata and G. intestinalis), which might be a reason of serious abdominal disorders in Polish horses living freely in the reserve.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Gastro-intestinal parasites in yearlings of wild Polish primitive horses from the Popielno Forest Reserve, Poland

Slivinska¹,

Gawor

Jaworski

2009

Helminthologia

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“…All the feral horses were infected with Strongylus with high worm burden (500-1600 EPG). Strongylus is the most common and most damaging parasite of horses worldwide (Reinemeyer et al, 1984;Bucknell et al, 1995;Pilo et al, 2012;Flanagan et al, 2013). It is a highly pathogenic parasite.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal parasites of domesticated and Feral Horses (Equus Caballus) in Sri Lanka

2017

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Horses are not native to Sri Lanka. They are imported from neighbouring countries to be used for police work, sporting or riding and esthetic purposes. An isolated population of about 500 feral horses lives in the Delft Island in northern Sri Lanka. These feral horses served hundred years for western conquests and when they left Sri Lanka, horses were left behind in the Delft Island. There are no records of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites of horses in Sri Lanka and the present study was carried out to determine the GI parasites in the domesticated (free grazing and stabled) and feral horses. Fresh faecal samples were collected from horses and analysed qualitatively and quantitatively to determine the types of GI parasites and their prevalence and intensity. Qualitative analyses using direct saline and iodine mounts, simple test tube flotation, Sheather's modified sucrose flotation and sedimentation technique were carried out followed by McMaster counting technique for the positive samples. Identification of parasites involved morphological, morphometric and molecular methods. A total of 73 horses were sampled. All the feral horses (n=14) were infected. Among the domesticated horses, free grazers had a significantly higher prevalence of GI infections (46.7%) than the stabled ones (18.2%; Chi square test χ 2 = 4.787, df = 1, p = 0.029). There was no significant difference between helminth and protozoan infections among the three groups of horses (Chi square test, χ 2 = 1.453, df = 2, p = 0.484). Six species of parasites: Anoplocephala sp., Parascaris equorum, Strongylus sp. Isospora sp. Entamoeba sp. and Giardia sp. were recorded. Strongylus infections were recorded in all the feral horses with a high intensity but not in any of the domesticated animals. Strongylus is a highly pathogenic and the most damaging parasite of horses worldwide. It is important to investigate whether Strongylus infection is responsible for the high mortality recorded in the feral horses in the Delft Island especially because the Department of Wildlife Conservation is to declare Delft Island a National Park to conserve the feral horses.

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“…Additionally, the relative prevalence and intensity of these common species has not demonstrated any noticeable changes over the past few decades despite the frequent use of anthelmintics and the increasing prevalence of resistant worms. Studies performed in Great Britain [74], the United States [80], Australia [8], and Brazil [87] spanning the period 1976 to 1999 all report the same three most abundant species; Cys. longibursatus, Cya.…”

Section: Species Of Cyathostomes Reported To Be Resistantmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…calicatus, and Cys. minutus) are highly prevalent, comprising about 99% of total cyathostome burdens [8,68,74,80,87]. Other uncommon species not on this list will sometimes be present at greater levels than the least common of these 12, but always at relatively low prevalence and/or intensity.…”

Section: Species Of Cyathostomes Reported To Be Resistantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of horses

2002

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-Suppressive anthelmintic treatment strategies originally designed to control Strongylus vulgaris in horses were extremely successful in reducing morbidity and mortality from parasitic disease. Unfortunately, this strategy has inadvertently resulted in the selection of drug-resistant cyathostomes (Cyathostominea), which are now considered the principal parasitic pathogens of horses. Resistance in the cyathostomes to benzimidazole drugs is highly prevalent throughout the world, and resistance to pyrantel appears to be increasingly common. However, there are still no reports of ivermectin resistance in nematode parasites of horses despite 20 years of use. It is unknown why resistance to ivermectin has not yet emerged, but considering that ivermectin is the single most commonly used anthelmintic in horses most parasitologists agree that resistance is inevitable. The fecal egg count reduction test is considered the gold standard for clinical diagnosis of anthelmintic resistance in horses, but diagnosis is complicated by lack of an accepted standard for the performance of this test or for the analysis and interpretation of data. Presently there is very little data available on the molecular mechanisms of anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomes; β-tubulin gene is the only anthelmintic-resistance associated gene that has been cloned. The increasingly high prevalence of anthelmintic-resistant cyathostomes must be taken into account when designing worm control programs for horses. Strategies to decelerate further selection for drug resistance thereby extending the lifetime of currently effective anthelmintics should be implemented whenever possible. Considering the nature of the equine industry in which horses often graze shared pastures with horses from diverse locations, transmission and widespread dispersal of resistant parasites is virtually assured. A proactive approach to this problem centered on understanding the molecular basis of anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomes is required if we are to expect chemical control of nematodes in horses to remain a viable element of parasite control in the future.cyathostome / anthelmintic / resistance / nematode / horse Résumé -La résistance aux anthelmintiques chez les nématodes des chevaux. Les stratégies des traitements anthelmintiques mises en place à l'origine pour contrôler Strongylus vulgaris chez les chevaux ont été extrêmement efficaces pour réduire la morbidité et la mortalité dues aux maladies 491

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The prevalence and intensity of internal parasites of horses in the U.S.A.

Cited by 146 publications

References 11 publications

Gastro-intestinal parasites in yearlings of wild Polish primitive horses from the Popielno Forest Reserve, Poland

Gastro-intestinal parasites in yearlings of wild Polish primitive horses from the Popielno Forest Reserve, Poland

Gastrointestinal parasites of domesticated and Feral Horses (Equus Caballus) in Sri Lanka

Anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of horses

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