The presymptomatic treatment with 3HFWC nanosubstance decreased plaque load in 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Abstract

IntroductionIn the present study, we assessed the effects of the hyper‐harmonized‐hydroxylated fullerene–water complex (3HFWC) on Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathological hallmarks in 5XFAD mice, an AD animal model.MethodsThe 3‐week‐old 5XFAD mice were exposed to 3HFWC water solution ad libitum for 3 months in the presymptomatic phase of pathology. The functional effects of the treatment were confirmed through near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis through machine learning (ML) using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to classify the control and 3HFWC‐treated brain tissue samples. The effects of 3HFWC treatment on amyloid‐β (Aβ) accumulation, plaque formation, gliosis, and synaptic plasticity in cortical and hippocampal tissue were assessed.ResultsThe 3HFWC treatment significantly decreased the amyloid‐β plaque load in specific parts of the cerebral cortex. At the same time, 3HFWC treatment did not induce the activation of glia (astrocytes and microglia) nor did it negatively affect synaptic protein markers (GAP‐43, synaptophysin, and PSD‐95).ConclusionThe obtained results point to the potential of 3HFWC, when applied in the presymptomatic phase of AD, to interfere with amyloid plaque formation without inducing AD‐related pathological processes such as neuroinflammation, gliosis, and synaptic vulnerability.

Comparative Studies of the Structural and Physicochemical Properties of the First Fullerene Derivative FD-C60 (Fullerenol) and Second Fullerene Derivate SD-C60 (3HFWC)

“…Experimental results with SD-C 60 (3HFWC) in the field of biomedicine, agriculture, and cosmetics have shown desirable effects. Specifically, effects on melanoma [ 22 , 23 , 24 ], an influence on Alzheimer’s disease [ 25 ], a reduction of pain and improved memory in mice [ 26 ], the formation of hydrogen peroxide in tomatoes, and an increase in lycopene and regulation on the flow of water from the extracellular space into the cell [ 27 ]. Most of the current methods and techniques in the fight against cancer are of a destructive nature, destroying diseased cells, and therefore also healthy ones that are in the immediate environment.…”

“…Bearing in mind the increasing interest for the application of both FD-C 60 (fullerenol) [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ] and SD-C 60 (3HFWC) [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ] in biomedicine and cosmetics, it is necessary to present a comparative physicochemical characterization of them. There are several studies that present the physicochemical characteristics of fullerenol [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ], but since fullerenol can have a different number of OH groups (usually from 12 to 48), there can be significant differences in the properties of fullerenol.…”