The Pressure of Fusarium Disease and Its Relation with Mycotoxins in The Wheat Grain and Malt

Abstract

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most destructive wheat fungal diseases, causing yield loss, quality reduction, and accumulation of mycotoxins. The aim of this research was to summarize the occurrence of major Fusarium mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEN) in two consecutive years to search the relationship between disease incidence and severity with mycotoxins found in control and inoculated grains and corresponding malt. In addition, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) in one-year research was measured. Tested wheat varieties showed infection scores of 3% (‘U1’ and ‘Sirban Prolifik’) to 79% (‘Golubica’) for Type I resistance evaluation. There were few moderately resistant varieties in view of their areas under the disease progress curve, which can be considered Type III resistance (‘Sirban Prolifik’ and ‘U1’). According to the data quantified by LC–MS/MS, DON decreased in infected malt in comparison to corresponding grain, while ZEN occurred only in infected malt samples. Both 3-AcDON and NIV increased in inoculated malt in comparison to corresponding grain, due to a combination of plant metabolism and de novo synthesis by molds during malting. Based on the results, we can draw a few conclusions: the resistance to Fusarium decreased quantified concentrations of DON; ZEN gets synthetized during malting; unregulated 3-AcDON and NIV increase during malting; more resistant varieties have converted DON to D3G more successfully. Modified mycotoxins should be also included to legislation, since they could be transformed back to the corresponding mycotoxins under food processing conditions or during digestion.

Selected Trichothecenes in Barley Malt and Beer from Poland and an Assessment of Dietary Risks Associated with their Consumption

“…Moreover, Lancova et al [28] reported that, during barley grain germination, the concentration of DON may decrease by 90%, while the concentration of DON-3G may markedly increase, to a level as high or several times higher than DON. Spanic et al [30] presented data on mycotoxin levels in wheat varieties varying in Fusarium head blight resistance; the average content of DON-3G increased from 59.9 µg/kg in grain to 163.9 µg/kg in malt.…”

Resistance toFusarium head blight and mycotoxin accumulation among 129 wheat cultivars from different ecological regions in China

“…The use of FHB-resistant wheat cultivars is considered to be the most cost-effective strategy to reduce occurrence and production of mycotoxins in wheat (Buerstmayr et al, 1999;Mesterházy, 1995;Miedaner, 1997). Resistance to FHB is quantitative and can be divided into five types: Type I: resistance to initial infection, type II: resistance to colonisation, type III: limitation of toxin accumulation, type IV: resistance to kernel infection and type V: tolerance to infections (Mesterhazy, 1995;Spanic et al, 2019). Type II resistance has been regarded as the most effective and stably inherited, and its measurement is straightforward with FHB severity scored after point inoculation (Bai and Shaner, 2004).…”

TRI Genotyping and Chemotyping: A Balance of Power

“…Trichothecenes also function as virulence factors for different Fusarium head blight (FHB) pathogens [39,[180][181][182]. As such, different Fusarium species have been shown to exhibit host preference and different levels of competitiveness in cases of co-infection [183].…”