The Present Distribution of Chestnut in the Upland Forest Communities of Virginia

Stephenson, Steven L.; Adams, Harold S.; Lipford, Michael L.

doi:10.2307/2996972

Cited by 56 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…most sampled saplings located in or adjacent to forest dynamics plots (King 1998a;King and Maindonald 1999). The temperate deciduous saplings were mostly growing in mature second-growth forests, but also included individuals from old-growth forests (Table 1; Martin 1975;Stephenson et al 1991;King 2001).…”

Section: Study Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results of this and previous studies are then interpreted with respect to overall sapling leaf display in relation to leaf habit and other Note: The studied architectural characteristics include: 1, shape of branch leaf display (branch depth to width ratio); 2, stem orientation and crown symmetry; 3, first branch height. See Martin (1975), Stephenson et al (1991), King (2001), and King and Maindonald (1999) for detailed site descriptions. New, previously unpublished data are included for branch shape at Lamington National Park, Mountain Lake Biological Station, Albermarle Co., Bloomington, and Tasmania, stem orientation at Barro Colorado Island, La Selva, Albermarle Co., and Bloomington, and first branch height at Lilley Cornett Woods, Mountain Lake Biological Station, and Bloomington.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Architectural differences in saplings of temperate versus tropical angiosperms; consequences of the deciduous habit?

King

2005

Can. J. Bot.

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Abstract:The architecture of saplings of temperate deciduous species of the southeastern United States was compared with that of tropical evergreen species of Central America, Borneo, and northeastern Australia. The deciduous species were more planar in the understory than were the tropical species, because of (i) more planar leaf displays within branches, (ii) a high frequency of arching, plagiotropic main stems (associated with greater plasticity in crown symmetry in relation to light), and (iii) a lower height of first branching. The deciduous species also had more planar branches than did subtropical and temperate evergreen angiosperms. This greater planarity in temperate deciduous understories may be associated with the simultaneous positioning of most leaves during a single flush in the spring. In contrast, saplings in tropical understories typically bear multiple leaf cohorts and position new leaves at the peripheries of existing leaf displays. These results and those of other studies suggest that there are adaptive links between plant architecture and phenology. Other factors, such as latitudinal variation in sun angles, may influence crown shape in overstory trees, but did not seem to be involved here, possibly because the filtering effect of the canopy results in smaller latitudinal shifts in understory illumination angles during the growing season. Thus, by favouring the deciduous habit, the cold winters and warm, humid summers of the eastern deciduous biome of North America appear to have had a notable influence on sapling architecture.Key words: morphological plasticity, plagiotropy, stem orientation, tree architecture.Résumé : Les auteurs ont comparé l'architecture de jeunes arbres d'espèces décidues tempérées du sud-est des É tats-Unis, avec celle d'espèces sempervirentes tropicales de l'Amérique Centrale, de Bornéo et du nord-est de l'Australie. Les espèces décidues de sous-étages sont plus planaires que ne le sont les espèces tropicales, dû à : (i) une disposition plus planaire des feuilles, sur la branche; (ii) une fréquence plus grande de tiges principales voûtées, plagiotropiques (associée avec une plus grande plasticité dans la symétrie du houppier, en relation avec la lumière) et; (iii) des premières branches plus basses. Les espèces décidues ont également plus de branches planaires que les angiospermes subtropicales sempervirentes tempérées. Cette planarité plus forte, dans les sous-étages des espèces décidues tempérées, peut être associée au positionnement simultané de la plupart des feuilles au cours d'une même poussée au printemps. D'autre part, les jeunes arbres des sous-étages des forêts tropicales portent typiquement de nombreuses cohortes foliaires, et placent les nouvelles feuilles aux périphéries de l'étalage des feuilles existantes. Ces résultats et ceux de d'autres études suggèrent qu'il y aurait des liens adaptatifs entre l'architecture des plantes et la phénologie. D'autres facteurs, comme la variation latitudinale des angles solaires, peuvent influencer la forme du houppier c...

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Section: Study Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Architectural differences in saplings of temperate versus tropical angiosperms; consequences of the deciduous habit?

King

2005

Can. J. Bot.

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“…Other studies of chestnut abundance have not found elevation to be a significantly correlated variable but also did not compare chestnut abundance across sites of such a wide range of elevations (Stephenson et al, 1991;Fei et al, 2007). This increase in chestnut abundance with increasing elevation would be reversed at some maximum elevation for chestnut.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Disturbance History and Decline of American Chestnut

Burke¹

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Invasive diseases can interact with other disturbances and the environment to affect host population decline, realized niche, and interspecific interactions. In my dissertation, I sampled oak-chestnut forests first sampled for vegetation composition 66-89 years ago and conducted a field experiment to evaluate the effects of variance in environment, in invasive disease prevalence, in logging history, and in deer browsing on the abundance, realized niche, and survival of a declining host tree in southwestern Virginia, USA. The disease and host I studied were American chestnut (Castanea dentata) and chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), a disease introduced in the early 1900's that received national attention due to chestnut's timber value and ubiquity.Two sources of mortality studied here, in addition to chestnut blight, had significant effects on chestnut abundance and survival.Current chestnut abundance was significantly lower in areas where preblight chestnuts were logged than in areas where they were not logged.Since chestnut is highly palatable to deer, high levels of deer browsing significantly increased chestnut mortality rate, which affects its interactions with other understory species.Pre-blight chestnut abundance was not predictive of post-blight chestnut abundance. Multiple regressions of principal components representing the environment with pre-blight and current chestnut abundance demonstrated that chestnuts are now more restricted to iii areas with slopes and aspects receiving high light (southern to western facing slopes) and xeric species than pre-blight chestnut was. When assessing a study area with larger variation in elevation, chestnut abundance was also related to elevation and moderately acidic soil pH.Although chestnut blight was predicted to be less prevalent in environments where chestnut abundance was higher, this prediction was not supported. Chestnut blight prevalence was not significantly related to any measured environmental variable, was independent of chestnut density, and infected an average of 15% of chestnuts, regardless of chestnut abundance. This work highlights the drastic change in chestnut's interactions with the environment now that chestnut blight is endemic across its range and the need for a better understanding of chestnut blight's spatiotemporal dynamics.iv

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“…The species was rapidly eliminated as a dominant forest tree (Griffin, 2000), effectively destroying the range throughout the North American continent (Hepting, 1974;McCormick and Platt, 1980;Anagnostakis, 1987;Youngs, 2000). The majority of trees currently present are sprouts, originating from mature trees that were killed (Russell, 1987;Stephenson et al, 1991), which infrequently grow to reproductive maturity (Paillet, 2002). (adapted from Saucier, 1973) and the location of the Rockland, WI tree plantation test site.…”

Section: Natural History Of American Chestnutmentioning

confidence: 99%

American Chestnut as a Future Resource to Enhance Mine Reclamation Productivity

Jacobs¹

2005

JASMR

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Abstract. Mine reclamation sites can be difficult to reforest, and trees that successfully establish on these sites are often comprised of relatively undesirable species. American chestnut (Castanea dentata) once dominated the forests throughout much of the coal-producing region in Appalachia. However, the exotic fungus Cryphonectria parasitica was discovered in 1904 and within several decades, the blight killed nearly every tree throughout the range. A dedicated breeding program sponsored by The American Chestnut Foundation has made tremendous progress toward producing a blight-resistant variety of American chestnut by hybridizing with the blight-resistant Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima). It is expected that a blight-resistant hybrid chestnut tree (~94% American chestnut) will be available for reintroduction within the next decade, providing a new species option for reclamation programs. Due to continued presence of the fungus throughout eastern forests, few studies have examined American chestnut growth performance in plantations. However, a recent study on a blight-free site in Wisconsin reported exceptional growth capacity of chestnut relative to co-occurring hardwood species. Sufficient evidence also exists to suggest that American chestnut may tolerate many of the stressful physical and chemical soil characteristics typical of mine reclamation sites. Rapid growth, adaptability to a wide range of environmental conditions, good timber quality, and exceptional wildlife properties make American chestnut a highly desirable potential species for future reclamation programs.

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The Present Distribution of Chestnut in the Upland Forest Communities of Virginia

Cited by 56 publications

References 14 publications

Architectural differences in saplings of temperate versus tropical angiosperms; consequences of the deciduous habit?

Architectural differences in saplings of temperate versus tropical angiosperms; consequences of the deciduous habit?

Disturbance History and Decline of American Chestnut

American Chestnut as a Future Resource to Enhance Mine Reclamation Productivity

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