The presence of wild edible plants and determinants influencing their harvest, consumption, and conservation in south eastern Bhutan

Abstract

Definition Wild edible plants (WEPs) grow naturally in self-maintaining ecosystems. WEPs are harvested for consumption, sale, and medicinal uses. We hypothesize that WEPs play a major role in supplying food and generating income for the rural people in a world that is increasingly recognising its emerging conservation issues. We tested this hypothesis by identifying the reasons for harvest, consumption, and conservation of WEPs using focus group discussion, field observations and questionnaire surveys in south eastern Bhutan in late 2019. Methods Focused group discussions were held with the local people to identify reasons for harvest and consumption of WEPs. Data on the identified reasons for harvest, consumption, and conserving WEPs were determined using a questionnaire survey with ranking scales for a set of 76 randomly selected households. Representative field-observations and questionnaire surveys were carried out in villages close to forests. Parts of the plant used, how these were consumed, harvest season, and plant (life form) were recorded. The data was subjected to a Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test and weighted averages calculated. Result and conclusion A total of 120 WEPs belonging to 63 families (including Agaricaceae) were reported. Most of the WEPs recorded were trees (45.0%) then herbs (25.8%), vines (13.3%) and shrubs (10.8%). The commonly consumed plant parts were the fruit (43.3%), shoots (28.3%) and leaves (20.8%). The purposes for harvesting and consumption, conservation of WEPs were significantly (P<0.001) different, while the motivations for collecting WEPs were not. The motivation for collecting WEPs were family consumption > sale > medicinal uses > preservation for future use > insufficient food from cultivated source’s. The two most important strategies for conservation were to domesticate the WEPs and cultivate in forests. The findings reveal valuable lessons and insights about the reasons for harvesting, collection, consumption, and conservation of WEPs.

In Vitro Regeneration of Ragleaf (Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore) Using Kinetin

“…Crassocephalum crepidioides (redflower, ragleaf, thickhead, fireweed) is a member of the Asteraceae family, an aggressive, invasive herb in the global compendium of weeds (Randall, 2017). However, in tropical Africa and Asia (Bajgai et al, 2023), the tender, succulent leaves and stems of C. crepidioides are consumed, sold, and used for healing purposes or as green fodder for poultry and other livestock (Denton, 2014). It thus contributes immensely to the economy of rural families in the region, where 25-27 t ha -1 of leaves and shoots are collected annually.…”