The presence of phytanic acid in normal human and animal plasma

Avigan, Joel

doi:10.1016/0005-2760(66)90022-1

Cited by 62 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Moreover, brown fat appears as a site of phytanic acid storage, similarly to what has been described for white adipose tissue [18]. Short-time cold exposure rapidly reduces the lipid content of brown adipose tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Phytanic acid, but not pristanic acid, mediates the positive effects of phytol derivatives on brown adipocyte differentiation

et al. 2002

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The phytol derivatives phytanic acid and pristanic acid may activate nuclear hormone receptors and influence gene expression and cell differentiation. Phytanic acid induces brown adipocyte differentiation. It was determined that brown fat and brown adipocytes are sites of high gene expression of phytanoylCoA hydroxylase, the enzyme required for initiation of peroxisomal K K-oxidation of phytanic acid. However, the effects of phytanic acid were not mediated by its K K-oxidation product pristanic acid, which did not promote brown adipocyte differentiation or stimulate transcription of the uncoupling protein-1 gene. Moreover, acute cold exposure of mice caused a dramatic mobilization of the phytanic acid stores in brown adipose tissue thus suggesting that a high local exposure to phytanic acid in brown fat may contribute to signalling adaptive changes in the tissue in response to thermogenic activation. ß

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Phytanic acid, but not pristanic acid, mediates the positive effects of phytol derivatives on brown adipocyte differentiation

et al. 2002

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“…The doses used here to show the effects of phytanic acid are in an upper range of the physiological levels in humans. 4 However, the amount of phytanic acid added to cultures that enters the pre-adipose cell may be much lower due to the binding of the fatty acid to proteins in the culture medium and to the potential requirement of saturable fatty acid transport systems. Moreover, the effects observed may involve the action of compounds derived from phytanic acid metabolism inside the cell.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 In the search for natural products that could activate nuclear hormone receptors, phytanic acid was found to be capable of binding and activating retinoid X receptor (RXR) 2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) a. 3 Although the affinity of phytanic acid for RXR and PPARa was lower than 9-cis-retinoic acid or fibrates, respectively, phytanic acid levels in human blood are in the micromolar range, 4 which is compatible with a physiological role for this molecule. Drugs that activate RXR or PPARa have a marked impact on whole body metabolism and act as insulin-sensitizers or hypolipidemic agents, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The chlorophyll-derived metabolite phytanic acid induces white adipocyte differentiation

et al. 2002

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Phytanic acid is a derivative of the phytol side-chain of chlorophyll. It appears in humans following the ingestion of fatcontaining foods and is present in human blood at a low micromolar concentration. It may activate retinoid X receptors (RXR) or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) a in vitro. Phytanic acid induced the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells in culture as assessed by accumulation of lipid droplets and induction of the aP2 mRNA marker. This effect was mimicked by a synthetic activator of RXR but not by a PPARa agonist or by palmitic acid. In human pre-adipocytes in primary culture, phytanic acid also induced adipocyte differentiation. These findings indicate that phytanic acid may act as a natural rexinoid in adipose cells and suggest a potential use in the treatment of human type 2 diabetes and obesity.

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“…Though concentration of Phy in rats (unknown phyletic line) determined by GC was 1.9 μg/mL, 6 the concentration in SHR/Izm and WKY/Izm rats had not been reported. The SHR/Izm rats used for this investigation were 5 weeks old.…”

Section: Applicationmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The detection methods used were gas chromatography (GC), 5,6 GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 7,8 high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionizationtandem mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS/MS), 9 and ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS. 10 GC is used for measuring components in samples that tend to become vaporized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Method for Measuring Phytanic Acid as a Lifestyle-related Disease Biomarker in Rat Serum Using Ultra-fast Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry Combined with a Modified 2-Nitrophenylhydrazine Derivatization Method

et al. 2017

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Experimental Reagents and solutionsPhy was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Japan (Japan). Acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, n-hexane, and distilled water were all of HPLC grade and were obtained from Kanto Chemical A simple and rapid ultra-fast liquid chromatography-ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UFLC-UV) method combined with modified 2-nitrophenylhydrazine (2-NPH) derivatization was developed for determining phytanic acid (Phy) in rat serum. Serum Phy and heptadecanoic acid (the internal standard) were derivatized by 2-NPH at ambient temperature for 20 min and extracted in n-hexane. After extracting derivatized Phy (D-Phy) and derivatized IS from the reaction mixture, the extracts were separated with a YMC-Pack C8 column (150 × 3.0 mm i.d., S-3 μm) using an isocratic mobile phase comprised of acetonitrile:H2O (90:10; pH 4.4) at 0.5 mL/min. The detection wavelength was 228 nm. Linearity was observed over 1 -20 μg/mL (r = 0.9997). The intra-and inter-day reproducibilities of D-Phy measurements were ≤13.0%. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the quantitative and qualitative measurement of serum Phy using 2-NPH derivatization and UFLC-UV. This method can be performed rapidly under mild conditions.

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The presence of phytanic acid in normal human and animal plasma

Cited by 62 publications

References 7 publications

Phytanic acid, but not pristanic acid, mediates the positive effects of phytol derivatives on brown adipocyte differentiation

Phytanic acid, but not pristanic acid, mediates the positive effects of phytol derivatives on brown adipocyte differentiation

The chlorophyll-derived metabolite phytanic acid induces white adipocyte differentiation

Development of a Method for Measuring Phytanic Acid as a Lifestyle-related Disease Biomarker in Rat Serum Using Ultra-fast Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry Combined with a Modified 2-Nitrophenylhydrazine Derivatization Method

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