The presence and influence of two spiral streams in the heart of the chick embryo

Bremer, John Lewis

doi:10.1002/aja.1000490305

Cited by 78 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The changing cardiac lumen diameter makes it impossible to calculate flow. In addition, two laminar blood streams flow through the conotruncus in a spiral course (Bremer 1932). The constantly changing angle of flow relative to horizontal precludes calculation of the incident angle of the ultrasound beam.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 40%

Developmental hemodynamic changes in the chick embryo from stage 18 to 27.

Clark¹,

Hu²

1982

Circulation Research

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SUMMARY. We report the hemodynamic parameters of stage 18, 21, 24, and 27 chick embryos (from 3 to 5 days of incubation). Dorsal aortic blood velocity and mean vitelline artery blood pressure are measured with a 20 MHz pulsed-Doppler meter and servo-null pressure system respectively. We also measure heart rate, dorsal aortic diameter and embryo weight of each developmental stage. From these data, we calculate mean dorsal aortic blood flow, mean dorsal aortic blood flow per cardiac cycle, mean dorsal aortic blood flow per milligram embryo weight, vascular resistance and cardiac work. Blood flow increases geometrically with each embryo stage but remains constant when normalized for embryo weight. Mean arterial pressure increases linearly and vascular resistance decreases geometrically. Cardiac work increases in proportion to embryo weight. These results define the parameters of normal hemodynamic function during early embryonic development. (Ore Res 51: 810-815, 1982) BLOOD FLOW in the embryo begins soon after the tubular heart starts to pulsate and continues during subsequent morphogenesis of the cardiovascular system. Since form and function are interrelated, it is important to understand the contribution of each in cardiac development. Structural changes during formation of the heart have been studied extensively (DeHaan 1965). Analysis of experimental studies in cardiac development leads many investigators to hypothesize that functional alteration is a mechanism for morphological abnormality (Rychter, 1962;Jaffee, 1970;Rosenquist and Bergsma, 1979;Pexieder, 1981). Little information is available on the hemodynamic changes during organogenesis. VanMierop and Bertuch (1971) and Girard (1973) measured heart rate and blood pressure in the chick embryo. Faber et al. (1974) reported cine-photographic estimated stroke volume and heart rate in the chick embryo. However, there is no integrated description of the hemodynamic characteristics during embryonic development in bird or mammal.The chick embryo is a useful model for the study of hemodynamic changes during early development because avian and mammalian hearts are similar at the early stages and access to the embryo is relatively easy. It is only with the completion of organ development that the morphological differences between the avian and the mammalian heart are apparent. Birds have a muscular tricuspid valve, right aortic arch, and bilateral ductus arteriosus. In this paper, we describe a method for measuring blood pressure and dorsal aortic velocity and report the normal hemodynamic parameters in the chick embryo from the third to the fifth day of incubation. This manuscript from the University of Iowa was sent to Brian M. Hoffman, Consulting Editor, for review by expert referees, for editorial decision, and final disposition. MethodsFertile White Leghorn chicken eggs were incubated blunt end up in a forced-draft constant humidity incubator to Hamburger-Hamilton (1951) stage 18 (3 days), 21 (3.5 days), 24 (4 days), and 27 (5 days). We chose those stages ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 40%

Developmental hemodynamic changes in the chick embryo from stage 18 to 27.

Clark¹,

Hu²

1982

Circulation Research

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“…In the chick heart [39] and probably in the human heart [40] two blood streams are present prior to septation. The blood flow molding hypothesis states that the cardiac septa form at the ,point of least flow and resistance between the streams, and as cardiac development proceeds the hemodynamic forces of the streams shape the cardiac chambers and valves.…”

Section: Cardiac Hemodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 45%

Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Congenital Cardiac Malformations

Clark¹

1987

The Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease

114

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“…Blood flow and haemodynamic forces also influence the early embryonic development of the heart 31. Disturbance of the laminar blood flow within the primitive cardiac tube results in hypoplasia of some structures and chambers of the heart with reciprocal enlargement of contralateral structures 26.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%