The Preparation, Thermal Properties, and Fire Property of a Phosphorus-Containing Flame-Retardant Styrene Copolymer

Sun, Yu; Wang, Yazhen; Liu, Li; Xiao, Tao

doi:10.3390/ma13010127

Cited by 10 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…There is a wide range of organic P-containing FRs available including phosphates, phosphonates, polyphosphonates, hybrid metal phosphonate salts, etc. [ 5 , 38 , 41 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 ]. The mechanism and the efficiency of FRs depend not only on the chemical structure of a P-bearing compound itself, but also on its interaction with the polymeric backbone during pyrolysis and combustion.…”

Section: Fire Retardation Of Styrenic Polymers With Phosphorous-comentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An effective method to overcome this shortcoming is to modify the structure of DOPO with other known FRs or to incorporate them during polymerisation processes in the presence of other reactive monomers. The most commonly used method is the chemical modification of DOPO through the reaction with paraformaldehyde, which resulted in the formation of 2-(6-oxido-6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin-6-yl)methanol (ODOPM), as shown in Figure 20 [ 48 , 113 , 114 ].…”

Section: Fire Retardation Of Styrenic Polymers With Phosphorous-comentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In several studies, ODOPM has been utilised as a precursor compound having a hydroxyl (OH) group that is able to undergo further chemical transformation (e.g., condensation reactions), producing different unsaturated compounds suitable for the reactive modifications [ 48 , 113 , 114 ]. For instance, Sun et al (2020) functionalised ODOPM with acryloyl chloride, leading to the formation of DOPO–methylacrylate denoted as DOPOAA ( Figure 21 a) [ 113 ]. Then, this DOPO-bearing monomer was incorporated into the PS chains through the emulsion polymerisation.…”

Section: Fire Retardation Of Styrenic Polymers With Phosphorous-comentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The TGA results of both St/DOPOAA copolymers showed no significant increase in the values of T i , T max and the amounts of a TG char formed. However, the maximum degradation rate (R max ) was found to be reduced by 32% and 46% for the copolymers with 3.30 and 5.97 wt% DOPOAA, respectively [ 113 ]. This trend can possibly indicate better thermal stability of the reactively modified PS.…”

Section: Fire Retardation Of Styrenic Polymers With Phosphorous-comentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the condensed phase activity was limited, as the productivity of char was not improved significantly and remained below 1 wt% as for the homopolymer. Meanwhile, the microcone calorimetric (MCC) measurements revealed that the PHRR values dropped significantly, from 972 W/g in the neat PS to 354 W/g, in the copolymer [ 113 ]. At the same time, the LOIs increased from 18 vol% for the PS to 26 vol% for the St/DOPOAA copolymer.…”

Section: Fire Retardation Of Styrenic Polymers With Phosphorous-comentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reactive and Additive Modifications of Styrenic Polymers with Phosphorus-Containing Compounds and Their Effects on Fire Retardance

Baby¹,

Tretsiakova-McNally²,

Arun

et al. 2020

Molecules

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Polystyrene, despite its high flammability, is widely used as a thermal insulation material for buildings, for food packaging, in electrical and automotive industries, etc. A number of modification routes have been explored to improve the fire retardance and boost the thermal stability of commercially important styrene-based polymeric products. The earlier strategies mostly involved the use of halogenated fire retardants. Nowadays, these compounds are considered to be persistent pollutants that are hazardous to public and environmental health. Many well-known halogen-based fire retardants, regardless of their chemical structures and modes of action, have been withdrawn from built environments in the European Union, USA, and Canada. This had triggered a growing research interest in, and an industrial demand for, halogen-free alternatives, which not only will reduce the flammability but also address toxicity and bioaccumulation issues. Among the possible options, phosphorus-containing compounds have received greater attention due to their excellent fire-retarding efficiencies and environmentally friendly attributes. Numerous reports were also published on reactive and additive modifications of polystyrene in different forms, particularly in the last decade; hence, the current article aims to provide a critical review of these publications. The authors mainly intend to focus on the chemistries of phosphorous compounds, with the P atom being in different chemical environments, used either as reactive, or additive, fire retardants in styrene-based materials. The chemical pathways and possible mechanisms behind the fire retardance are discussed in this review.

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Section: Fire Retardation Of Styrenic Polymers With Phosphorous-comentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fire Retardation Of Styrenic Polymers With Phosphorous-comentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fire Retardation Of Styrenic Polymers With Phosphorous-comentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fire Retardation Of Styrenic Polymers With Phosphorous-comentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fire Retardation Of Styrenic Polymers With Phosphorous-comentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Reactive and Additive Modifications of Styrenic Polymers with Phosphorus-Containing Compounds and Their Effects on Fire Retardance

Baby¹,

Tretsiakova-McNally²,

Arun

et al. 2020

Molecules

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Triazole‐, piperazine‐, and DOPO‐containing eugenol‐based reactive flame retardant for unsaturated polyester resin

Ozukanar,

Sagdic,

Çakmakçı

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The flammability of unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) limits their applications. Herein, a reactive P‐ and N‐containing flame retardant (DPET) having triazole and piperazine rings is reported. The 9,10‐Dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene 10‐oxide (DOPO) was used to introduce P atoms, and eugenol was used to import reactive double bonds to DPET. Different ratios of DPET were mixed with a commercial UPR and the thermal, mechanical, optical, and flame retardancy properties were measured. The addition of 15% of DPET into neat UPR led to a decrease in the water contact angle from 70° ± 2 to 61° ± 2. The gel content values of the UPRs were found to change between 97.5% and 89%. The optical properties of the UPR were adversely affected by the incorporation of DPET. The modulus of the DPET‐containing UPRs increased with increasing amount of DPET and 15% of DPET‐containing UPR displayed a modulus value of 1784 ± 86 MPa. When 15% DPET was added to neat UPR, char yields were increased (from 5.6% to 16.6%). Limiting oxygen index (LOI) values increased with increasing amounts of DPET and reached up to 23.4%. Micro cone calorimeter (MCC) test results showed up to a 20.5% reduction in the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of the UPR when 15% DPET was added.

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The Effects of Nitrogen‐Containing Monomers on the Thermal Degradation and Combustion Attributes of Polystyrenes Chemically Modified With Phosphonate Groups

Baby,

Tretsiakova‐McNally,

Joseph

et al. 2024

Macro Materials & Eng

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In the present study, polystyrene (PS) is chemically modified with diethyl(acryloyloxymethyl)phosphonate (DEAMP) and an N‐containing monomer, selected from different classes of compounds, via a ter‐polymerization route; thus, exploring possible P–N synergistic effects on fire retardance of the base polymer. The successful incorporation of P and N monomeric units is confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR), 1H and 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The thermal degradation and combustion attributes of modified polymeric materials are measured using standard techniques, including Thermo‐Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), “bomb” calorimetry, and Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimetry (PCFC). The thermal and combustion studies demonstrate that the thermal stability and combustion characteristics of styrenic polymers are significantly altered by the presence of even nominal amounts of P‐ and N‐containing groups, and in certain cases, synergistic interactions of these groups are also evident. For instance, as revealed by TGA, the extent of char formation, under the oxidative atmosphere, in the prepared ter‐polymers, is enhanced by 16–44%, when compared to the unmodified PS. The heat release rates and heat release capacities of ter‐polymers, measured using the PCFC technique, are reduced by 18–50%, in comparison to the same parameters obtained for the unmodified counterpart.

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The Preparation, Thermal Properties, and Fire Property of a Phosphorus-Containing Flame-Retardant Styrene Copolymer

Cited by 10 publications

References 40 publications

Reactive and Additive Modifications of Styrenic Polymers with Phosphorus-Containing Compounds and Their Effects on Fire Retardance

Reactive and Additive Modifications of Styrenic Polymers with Phosphorus-Containing Compounds and Their Effects on Fire Retardance

Triazole‐, piperazine‐, and DOPO‐containing eugenol‐based reactive flame retardant for unsaturated polyester resin

The Effects of Nitrogen‐Containing Monomers on the Thermal Degradation and Combustion Attributes of Polystyrenes Chemically Modified With Phosphonate Groups

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