The Preparation of Wax Emulsions Stabilized by C₅Petroleum Resin

Preparation of Stable Phase Change Material Emulsions for Thermal Energy Storage and Thermal Management Applications: A Review

“…The operating conditions of rotor-stator homogenizer such as rotation speed and temperature are important to determine the droplet size and stability of PCM emulsions. Zhao et al [ 70 ] studied the optimal rotation speed, emulsifying time and temperature for a paraffin wax with a melting point (T m ) of 59 °C. The emulsifying temperature and rotation speed showed significant impacts on the droplet size.…”

Pickering Emulsion Formation of Paraffin Wax in an Ethanol–Water Mixture Stabilized by Primary Polymer Particles and Wax Microspheres Thereof

“…The dispersion is achieved in general by mechanical stirring or homogenization at high speed. 1,2,10 To keep the dispersion stable for a desired time, surfactants or stabilizers with cosurfactants and other additives are usually necessary. The amounts of surfactants and associated additives are usually quite high; about 10 wt % relative to the wax is common when ionic surfactants are used, and it reaches 40 wt % when nonionic surfactants or polymeric dispersants are used.…”

“…They usually consist of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between 20 and 40 carbon atoms. Owing to their specific characteristics, wax droplets and spheres have been widely used in leather, paper, textiles, automobiles and cosmetics. − For a great part of these applications, they are often used in the form of emulsions or dispersions, particularly in the home construction, paper, and agriculture industries, − and relevant studies have been extensively reported. − Wax spheres of a large size that are several hundreds of micrometers in diameter are also useful in tissue engineering and in the preparation of functional Janus particles. − Wax emulsification refers to the processes by which the wax, usually in the liquid state, is dispersed into a solvent as tiny droplets with varied size from the nanoscale , to several micrometers or larger. ,,,, In most of the cases, water is the continuous phase (the solvent). The dispersion is achieved in general by mechanical stirring or homogenization at high speed. ,, To keep the dispersion stable for a desired time, surfactants or stabilizers with cosurfactants and other additives are usually necessary.…”

“…Owing to their specific characteristics, wax droplets and spheres have been widely used in leather, paper, textiles, automobiles and cosmetics. − For a great part of these applications, they are often used in the form of emulsions or dispersions, particularly in the home construction, paper, and agriculture industries, − and relevant studies have been extensively reported. − Wax spheres of a large size that are several hundreds of micrometers in diameter are also useful in tissue engineering and in the preparation of functional Janus particles. − Wax emulsification refers to the processes by which the wax, usually in the liquid state, is dispersed into a solvent as tiny droplets with varied size from the nanoscale , to several micrometers or larger. ,,,, In most of the cases, water is the continuous phase (the solvent). The dispersion is achieved in general by mechanical stirring or homogenization at high speed. ,, To keep the dispersion stable for a desired time, surfactants or stabilizers with cosurfactants and other additives are usually necessary. The amounts of surfactants and associated additives are usually quite high; about 10 wt % relative to the wax is common when ionic surfactants are used, and it reaches 40 wt % when nonionic surfactants or polymeric dispersants are used. , The abundant use of the surfactants/dispersants and associated additive increases the prime cost of the product and is also unpleasant in many applications, particularly in biological and medical applications.…”

“…The dispersion is achieved in general by mechanical stirring or homogenization at high speed. ,, To keep the dispersion stable for a desired time, surfactants or stabilizers with cosurfactants and other additives are usually necessary. The amounts of surfactants and associated additives are usually quite high; about 10 wt % relative to the wax is common when ionic surfactants are used, and it reaches 40 wt % when nonionic surfactants or polymeric dispersants are used. , The abundant use of the surfactants/dispersants and associated additive increases the prime cost of the product and is also unpleasant in many applications, particularly in biological and medical applications. In addition, specific equipment and infrastructure are often required to achieve high-speed agitation or homogenization. ,, …”