The preparation of precipitating sera for the identification of animal species

Proom, H.

doi:10.1002/path.1700550404

Cited by 175 publications

(76 citation statements)

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“…A variety of methods have been employed in preparing the various antisera. In the early work the intravenous method described by Arnold et al (1946) was followed, but later Proom's (1943) technique was exclusively used. This involved the intramuscular injection of 10 ml of alum-precipitated serum of the appropriate animal at 30-day intervals until a satisfactory titre has been obtained.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Blood Sources of Some Australian Mosquitoes

Lee¹,

Clinton²,

O'gower³

1954

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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SummaryThe results of over 1400 precipitin tests on the stomach contents of engorged mosquitoes to determine the source of their blood meals are recorded. Fifteen species of mosquitoes are included in this survey, but three .species, Anopheles annulipes, Culex fatigans, and C. annulirostris, dominated the collections.Engorged mosquitoes have been collected from three types of situation. (i) Restricted animal habitats such as human dwellings, fowl houses, horse stables, dog kennels, and rabbit warrens; (ii) The general farmyard environment; and (iii) River Hats and creek banks.The collections from restricted animal habitats have indicated that for the species under consideration the site of collection is indicative of the blood source of the mosquitoes therein collected. Farmyard collections have given valuable information on the range of hosts attacked by nocturnally active mosquitoes. River Hat collections have been most useful in disclosing rabbitfeeding species. Collections have also been made of mosquitoes attracted to man in the field and a small but significant percentage of these have been found to be already engorged. Such collections have been most interesting in that species feeding on marsupials have been revealed.To the information derived from these precipitin tests has been added our accumulated observations of biting activity in the field, on man and other animals. In this way it has been possible to prepare a statement of the range of blood sources known to be utilized by each species and to give some indication of the preferences exhibited by certain mosquitoes for particular blood sources.Anopheles annulipes has been shown to feed particularly on cattle and rabbits although other animals, man, and poultry are also attacked. Culex fatigans bites man in the domestic environment but is equally attracted by fowls in fowl-runs, or by horses in stables or dogs in kennels. Biting by this species is almost exclusively under shelter. C. annulirostris attacks man and most domestic animals but is most active out of doors. Rabbits are frequently attacked by this species. It is well known as biting man but man is not a preferred blood source. Culex pipiens australicus has been shown to attack rabbits and poultry. Species which have been revealed as attacking marsupials are Anopheles stigmaticus, Aedes notoscriptus, A. alboannulatus, and A. queenslandis. Finally the significance of the feeding habits is discussed in relation to possible disease transmission by the various species. Anopheles annulipes, Culex annulirostris, and C. pipiens australicus, because of the frequency with which they attack rabbits, have an important role in myxomatosis transmission. Culex fatigans and C. annulirostris, attacking both poultry and man, are likely suspects for the transmission to man of Murray Valley encephalitis. Anopheles annulipes, on the other hand, because it attacks man only casually, is unlikely to assume any importance as a vector

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Blood Sources of Some Australian Mosquitoes

Lee¹,

Clinton²,

O'gower³

1954

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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“…Absorption of antigens onto gelatinous alumina was done according to the method of PROOM (1943). The preparations of precipitated HGG and PHA were washed twice and resuspended in saline.…”

Section: Su Bstances Testedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of lymph follicles in draining lymph nodes after local injection of various antigenic substances in mice.

Hoshi

Kamiya

Nagata

et al. 1986

Arch. Histol. Jap., Arch. Histol. Jpn

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“…Immunization to protein antigens and to hapten-pl'otein conjugates was performed by giving 500/zg of alum-precipitated antigen and 2 X 109 killed pertussis organisms 2 intraperitoneally. The technique of alum precipitation was that of Proom (16). 100 #g of fluid protein antigen was given intraperitoneally as a booster in some experiments.…”

Section: Antigens--fowl Immunoglobulin G (F3'g) Sheep Erythrocytes mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell-to-Cell Interaction in the Immune Response

Miller

Sprent

Basten

et al. 1971

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Experiments were designed to test the possibility that thymus-derived (T) cells cooperate with nonthymus derived (B) cells in antibody responses by acting as passive carriers of antigen. Thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) from fowl γG-tolerant mice were incubated in vitro with fowl anti-mouse lymphocyte globulin (FALG), which was shown not to be immunosuppressive in mice. On transfer into adult thymectomized, irradiated, and marrow protected (TxBM) hosts together with a control antigen, horse RBC, a response to horse RBC but not to fowl γG was obtained. By contrast, TxBM recipients of nontolerant, FALG-coated TDL responded to both antigens and the antibody-forming cells were shown to be derived from the host, not from the injected TDL. These findings suggested that, under the conditions of the experiment, triggering of unprimed B cells in the spleens of TxBM hosts was not achieved with antigen-coated tolerant lymphocytes. Another model utilized the ability of B cells to bind antibody-antigen complexes. Spleen cells from TxBM mice, incubated in vitro with anti-fowl γG-fowl γG·NIP, were injected with or without normal TDL (a source of T cells) into irradiated hosts. Only mice given both cell types could produce an anti-NIP antibody response. In a further experiment, spleen cells from HGG·NIP-primed mice were injected together with NIP-coated B cells (prepared as above) into irradiated hosts. A substantial anti-NIP antibody response occurred. If, however, the T cells in the spleens of HGG·NIP-primed mice were eliminated by treatment with anti-θ serum and complement, the NIP response was abolished. It was concluded that antigen-coated B cells could not substitute for T cells either in the primary or secondary response. Treatment of T cells from unprimed or primed mice with mitomycin C impaired their capacity to collaborate with B cells on transfer into irradiated hosts. Taken together these findings suggest that before collaboration can take place T cells must be activated by antigen to differentiate and in so doing may produce some factor essential for triggering of B cells.

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The preparation of precipitating sera for the identification of animal species

Cited by 175 publications

References 0 publications

The Blood Sources of Some Australian Mosquitoes

The Blood Sources of Some Australian Mosquitoes

Formation of lymph follicles in draining lymph nodes after local injection of various antigenic substances in mice.

Cell-to-Cell Interaction in the Immune Response

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