The Preparation of High-Purity Iron (99.987%) Employing a Process of Direct Reduction–Melting Separation–Slag Refining

Li, Bin; Sun, Guanyong; Li, Shaoying; Guo, Hongjian; Guo, Jingjie

doi:10.3390/ma13081839

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…On the other hand, the conventional and modified pyrometallurgical processes reported in references [ 9 , 54 , 55 , 56 ] require expensive methods including inert/vacuum environment processing and melting with plasma arc, micro-wave, or electron beam techniques. Further, most of the processes deliver steel ingots, which later need to be hot rolled and cold rolled with intermediate annealing in order to manufacture the pure iron in the form of thin strips.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method of hydrogen reduction of iron ore and electrolysis of iron oxides reported in the references [ 57 , 58 , 59 ] results in a purity level which is much lower than that of the present work. Moreover, the methods reported in references [ 9 , 57 , 58 , 59 ] represent prototype studies and commercial applications of the methods are still not available for large-scale manufacturing of the pure iron foils.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The combined hydropyrometallurgical process uses acid or alkaline leaching agents to leach the desired element, and the process is performed at room temperature [ 8 ]. Electrolyte iron has impurities lower than 600 ppm and requires controlled environment melting and multistage purification processes [ 9 ]. Torrent et al performed electron beam melting to manufacture electrolytic pure iron having 99.99% purity [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The literature study identifies that there is difficulty in reducing impurities to obtain high-purity iron with use of the conventional and modified pyrometallurgical methods. To avoid the detrimental effects of excess oxygen, it is necessary to use vacuum control for the basic oxygen process during pyrometallurgical methods of pure iron manufacturing [ 9 ]. The use of a melting process during the manufacturing of the pure iron carries the risk of significant iron loss due to high vapor pressure [ 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Manufacturing of Pure Iron by Cold Rolling and Investigation for Application in Magnetic Flux Shielding

Satpute¹,

Dhoka²,

Iwaniec

et al. 2022

Materials

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The presented work investigates a novel method to manufacture 98.8% pure iron strips having high permeability and better saturation flux density for application in magnetic flux shielding. The proposed method uses electro-deposition and cold rolling along with intermediate annealing in a controlled environment to manufacture 0.05–0.5 mm thick pure iron strips. The presented approach is inexpensive, has better control over scaling/oxidation and requires low energy than that of the conventional methods of pure iron manufacturing by pyrometallurgical methods. Important magnetic and mechanical properties of the pure iron are investigated in the context of the application of the material in magnetic shielding. Magnetic properties of the material are investigated by following IEC60404-4 standard and toroidal coil test to determine hysteresis curve, magnetic permeability and core losses. The microstructure is investigated with an optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy to study grain size and defects after cold rolling and annealing. The properties derived from the experimental methods are used in finite element analysis to study the application of the material for static, low-frequency and high-frequency magnetic shielding. Theoretical simulation results for magnetic shielding around a current-carrying conductor and micro-electromechanical inductive sensor system are discussed. Further shielding performance of the material is compared with that of the other candidate materials, including that of Mu-metal and electrical steel. It is demonstrated that the pure iron strips manufactured in the present study can be used for magnetic shielding in the case of low-frequency applications. In the case of high-frequency applications, a conducting layer can be combined to ensure the required shielding effectiveness in the case of Class 2 applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Manufacturing of Pure Iron by Cold Rolling and Investigation for Application in Magnetic Flux Shielding

Satpute¹,

Dhoka²,

Iwaniec

et al. 2022

Materials

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“…Ultimately, she showed that bio-energy can reduce up to 40% in the field. 99.987% high purity iron production was examined by Li et al [27]. In this method, the oxygen elements are reduced by using hydrogen from iron ore.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of an Inert Gas System for the Transportation of Direct Reduced Iron

Yazır

Şahin

Alkac

2021

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Direct reduced iron (DRI) can create significant risks such as ignition, explosion, and fire because of the oxidation reaction in case when DRI undergoes spontaneously heating and comes in contact with oxygen or water. For this reason, the transportation of DRI is classified as a dangerous task of which the inert process should be done in the ship’s holds. Many studies have been conducted on the production and production stages of DRI and other areas of use of inert gas, but no studies have been conducted on the safe transportation of this cargo by ships. This study analyzes the criteria and alternatives for selecting the inert gas system for the benefits of investors and shipowners in the shipping industry. The intuitionistic fuzzy TOPSIS (IF-TOPSIS) method is implemented to conduct the decision-making process. As a result of this study, preferences for candidate inert gas systems are modelled. Port facility nitrogen generator is selected as the most suitable inert gas system among alternative inert gas systems based on predetermined criteria.

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Research Progress and Trends in Iron Metal Purification Processes

Tan

Yang

Tian

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Traditional industrial pure iron can no longer meet the requirements of many core industries, such as aerospace, electronic information, and military industries. Thus, high-purity iron has attracted considerable interest. Pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and electrometallurgy provide extensive research platforms for purifying and developing novel processes for producing high-purity iron. In this paper, we review latest research advances in high-purity iron purification methods and production processes and summarize the merits of each purification method. Moreover, we propose a production process that ensures the production of high-purity iron while reducing carbon emissions. In this process, iron ore is leached using a hydrometallurgical process, high-purity iron is obtained by electrolysis from clean energy sources, such as photovoltaics and wind power, and the purity of iron is increased to over 5N with a pyrometallurgy process.

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The Preparation of High-Purity Iron (99.987%) Employing a Process of Direct Reduction–Melting Separation–Slag Refining

Cited by 5 publications

References 20 publications

Manufacturing of Pure Iron by Cold Rolling and Investigation for Application in Magnetic Flux Shielding

Manufacturing of Pure Iron by Cold Rolling and Investigation for Application in Magnetic Flux Shielding

Selection of an Inert Gas System for the Transportation of Direct Reduced Iron

Research Progress and Trends in Iron Metal Purification Processes

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