The preparation of activated carbon from macadamia nutshell by chemical activation

Applications on agricultural and forest waste adsorbents for the removal of lead (II) from contaminated waters

“…The activation is the process in which the material is exposed to oxidizing atmospheres (carbon dioxide, oxygen or steam) usually in the temperature range 600-1,200°C, which results in the removal of the more disorganized carbon and the formation of a well-developed porous structure, leading to high surface area. Chemical activation is used for the preparation of activated carbons by using chemicals, such as H 3 PO 4 , KOH, ZnCl 2 or NaOH, followed by heating under a gas (usually nitrogen) flow in the temperature range 450-900°C (Ahmadpour and Do 1997;Boudrahem et al 2009;Gupta et al 2009a, b).…”

Waste biomass as sources for activated carbon production-A review

“…Rice husk, corn cob, oak, corn hulls, corn stover, rice straw, rice hulls, pecan shells, peanut hulls and almond shells (Haykiri-Acma et al, 2005), (Ahmedna et al, 2000), (Marcilla et al, 2000), (Zhang et al, 2004), (Girgis et al, 2002), (Lua et al, 2004), (Yang and Lua, 2003), (ElHendawy et al, 2001), (Malik, 2003), (Yalcin and Sevinc, 2000) and (Oh and Park, 2002), were the raw materials studied by this method. Carbonization temperature range between 400 and 850 o C, and sometimes reaches 1000 o C, and activation temperature range between 600 and 900 o C. (Ahmedna et al, 2000), (Marcilla et al, 2000), (Zhang et al, 2004), (Girgis et al, 2002), (Lua et al, 2004), (Yang and Lua, 2003), (El-Hendawy et al, 2001), (Malik, 2003), (Oh and Park, 2002) and (Bacaoui et al, 2001) (Tsai et al, 1997), (Aygun et al, 2003), (Girgis et al, 2002), (Ahmadroup and Do, 1997), (Ahmedna et al, 2004), (Tsai et al, 1998), (Tsai et al, 2001), (ElHendawy et al, 2001), (Yalcin and Sevinc, 2000), (Oh and Park, 2002), (Stavropoulos and Zabaniotou, 2005) and (Sudaryanto et al, 2006) , (Savova et al, 2001), (Minkova et al, 2001), (Minkova et al, 2000), (Girgis et al, 2002) and …”

“…However, a two-step process (an admixed method of physical and chemical processes) can be applied (Oh and Park, 2002), (Table V). (Malik, 2003) and (Mahanim et al, 2011) (Ahmedna et al, 2000), (Zhang et al, 2004), (Lua et al, 2004) and (Yang and Lua, 2003) (Marcilla et al, 2000) and (Girgis et al, 2002) Reference (Tsai et al, 1997), (Aygun et al, 2003), (Girgis et al, 2002), (Ahmadroup and Do, 1997), (Tsai et al, 1998) and (Yalcin and Sevinc, 2000) ( Girgis et al, 2002), (Ahmadroup and Do, 1997), (Tsai et al, 2001), (Oh and Park, 2002), (Stavropoulos and Zabaniotou, 2005) and (Sudaryanto et al, 2006) ( Girgis et al, 2002), (Ahmedna et al, 2004) …”

“…They can be used for the production of AC with a high adsorption capacity, considerable mechanical strength, and low ash content (Savova et al, 2001). Literature survey indicates that there have been many attempts to obtain low-cost AC or adsorbent from agricultural wastes such as wheat (Lanzetta and Di Blasi, 1998), corn straw (Lanzetta and Di Blasi, 1998), olive stones (Minkova et al, 2001) and (Minkova et al, 2000), bagasse (Minkova et al, 2001) and (Minkova et al, 2000), birch wood (Minkova et al, 2001) and (Minkova et al, 2000), miscanthus (Minkova et al, 2001) and (Minkova et al, 2000), sunflower shell, pinecone, rapeseed (Haykiri-Acma et al, 2005) and (Predel and Kaminsky, 1998), cotton residues, olive residues (Haykiri-Acma et al, 2005), pine rayed, eucalyptus maculata, sugar cane bagasse (Cetin et al, 2004) and (Ahmedna et al, 2000), almond shells (Savova et al, 2001), (Aygun et al, 2003) and (Marcilla et al, 2000), peach stones (Tsai et al, 1997), grape seeds (Savova et al, 2001), straw (Minkova et al, 2001), (Minkova et al, 2000) and (Jensen et al, 2001), oat hulls and (Zhang et al, 2004), corn stover and (Zhang et al2004), apricot stones (Savova et al, 2001) and (Aygun et al, 2003), cotton stalk (Putun et al, 2005), cherry stones (Savova et (Girgis et al, 2002), nut shells (Savova et al, 2001), (Lua et al, 2004) , (Ahmadroup and Do, 1997), (Yang and Lua, 2003) and (Ahmedna...…”

“…Chemical activation was used in most of the studies for corn cob, olive seeds, rice husks, rice straw, cassava peel, pecan shells, Macadamia nutshells, hazelnut shells, peanut hulls, apricot stones, almond shells (Tsai et al, 1997), (Aygun et al, 2003), (Girgis et al, 2002), (Ahmadroup and Do, 1997), (Ahmedna et al, 2004), (Tsai et al, 1998), (Tsai et al, 2001), (El-Hendawy et al, 2001), (Yalcin and Sevinc, 2000), (Oh and Park, 2002), (Stavropoulos and Zabaniotou, 2005) and (Sudaryanto et al, 2006). The most common chemical agents are ZnCl 2 , KOH, H 3 PO 4 and less K 2 CO 3 .…”