The preparation and use of the bone phosphatase

Martland, Marjorie; Robison, Robert

doi:10.1042/bj0230237

Cited by 51 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Certain of these were found to be capable of completely destroying biological activity. The various enzyme preparations tested included highly active phosphatases obtained from rabbit bone by the method of Martland and Robison (15) and from swine kidney as described by (16). In addition, a preparation made from the intestinal mucosa of dogs by Levene and Dillon (17) and containing a polynucleotidase for thymus nucleic acid was used.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III

Avery¹,

MacLeod²,

McCarty³

et al. 2000

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research

372

394

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Biologists have long attempted by chemical means to induce in higher organisms predictable and specific changes which thereafter could be transmitted in series as hereditary characters. Among microorganisms the most striking example of inheritable and specific alterations in cell structure and function that can be experimentally induced and are reproducible under well defined and adequately controlled conditions is the transformation of specific types of Pneumococcus. This phenomenon was first described by Griffith (1) who succeeded in transforming an attenuated and non-encapsulated (R) variant derived from one specific type into fully encapsulated and virulent (S) cells of a heterologous specific type. A typical instance will suffice to illustrate the techniques originally used and serve to indicate the wide variety of transformations that are possible within the limits of this bacterial species.Griffith found that mice injected subcutaneously with a small amount of a living R culture derived from Pneumococcus Type II together with a large inoculum of heat-killed Type III (S) cells frequently succumbed to infection, and that the heart's blood of these animals yielded Type III pneumococci in pure culture. The fact that the R strain was avirulent and incapable by itself of causing fatal bacteremia and the additional fact that the heated suspension of Type III cells contained no viable organisms brought convincing evidence that the R forms growing under these conditions had newly acquired the capsular structure and biological specificity of Type III pneumococci.The original observations of Griffith were later confirmed by Neufeld and Levinthal (2), and by Baurhenn (3) abroad, and by Dawson (4) in this laboratory. Subsequently Dawson and Sia (5) succeeded in inducing transformation in vitro. This they accomplished by growing R cells in a fluid medium containing anti-R serum and heat-killed encapsulated S cells. They showed that in the test tube as in the animal body transformation can be selectively induced, depending on the type specificity of the S cells used in the reaction system. Later, Alloway (6) was able to cause

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III

Avery¹,

MacLeod²,

McCarty³

et al. 2000

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research

372

394

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show abstract

Section: Analysis Of Purified Transforming Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types. Inductions of transformation by a desoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from pneumococcus type III.

Avery¹,

MacLeod²,

McCarty³

1979

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

112

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Section: Analysis Of Purified Transforming Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types

Avery

MacLeod

McCarty

1944

Journal of Experimental Medicine

2,813

373

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Biologists have long attempted by chemical means to induce in higher organisms predictable and specific changes which thereafter could be transmitted in series as hereditary characters. Among microSrganisms the most striking example of inheritable and specific alterations in cell structure and function that can be experimentally induced and are reproducible under well defined and adequately controlled conditions is the transformation of specific types of Pneumococcus. This phenomenon was first described by Gri~th (1) who succeeded in transforming an attenuated and non-encapsulated (R) variant derived from one specific type into fully encapsulated and virulent (S) cells of a heterologous specific type. A typical instance will suffice to illustrate the techniques originally used and serve to indicate the wide variety of transformations that are possible within the limits of this bacterial species.Gri~th found that mice injected subcutaneously with a small amount of a living 1~ culture deri, ed from Pneumococcus Type H together with a large inoculum of heat-killed Type III (S) cells frequently succumbed to infection, and that the heart's blood of these animals yielded Type HI pneumococci in pure culture. The fact that the P~ strain was avirulent and incapable by itself of causing fatal bacteremia and the additional fact that the heated suspension of Type HI cells eoataincd no viable organisms brought convincing evidence that the 1~ forms growing under these conditions had newly acquired the capsular structure and biological specificity of Type III pneumococci.The original observations of Griffith were later confirmed by Neufeld and Levinthal (2), and by Banrherm (3) abroad, and by Dawson (4) in this laboratory. Subsequently Dawson and Sia (5) succeeded in inducing transformation in ~tro. This they accomplished by growing R cells in a fluid medium containing anti-R serum and heat-killed encapsulated S cells. They showed that in the test tube as in the animal body transformation can be selectively induced, depending on the type specificity of the S cells used in the reaction system. Later, Alloway (6) was able to cause

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The preparation and use of the bone phosphatase

Abstract: THE phosphatase obtained from the bones of growing animals has proved very useful in the study of the chemical composition of phosphoric esters of biochemical interest. By its aid the phosphoric acid groups may be quanti

Cited by 51 publications

References 3 publications

Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III

Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III

Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types. Inductions of transformation by a desoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from pneumococcus type III.

Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types

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