The preparation and characterization of surface‐grafted plastic materials designed for the evaluation of their tissue and blood compatibility

Abstract

SYNOPSISWith the objective to develop both characterization methods and test systems for blood and tissue compatibility, some polymers, e.g., polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and ethylene/propylene/diene-ter-polymer (EPDM) of different shapes, e.g., beads, films, tubes, fibers, tubings, and microtome slices, were grafted with a variety of 15 monomers in order to introduce hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and ionizable groups. The grafted surface was characterized morphologically by the surface area (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller: BET value), by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and by profilographic measurements. Surface grafting was controlled by frustrated multiple internal reflexion (FMIR)-ir measurements, by determination of the critical surface tension, and by energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) combined with SEM. The EDXA-SEM method was found to be a helpful tool to characterize the homogeneity and penetration profile of surface grafting. The tissue compatibility was tested by implanting test samples under the skin of rats. Blood compatibility was determined via in vifm test systems based on the determination of single clotting factors. to the preparation of blood-compatible polymeric surfaces involves hydrogels or hydrophilic groups [5]. The second idea to introduce ionizable groups, especially negatively charged ones, is based on the knowledge of the anionic architecture at the vascular wall interface [63. Thirdly, surfaces with so-called LTI (low temperature isotropic) carbons (of Gulf Oil Corp.) and other carbons [7] and fluorinated polymers like polytetrafluoroethylene are known as materials with improved blood or tissue compatibility. Many

Surface modification and functionalization through the self-assembled monolayer and graft polymerization

“…For this reason, surface-modification techniques that can transform these materials into valuable finished products became an important part of surface science and technology. Surface modification of materials with functional polymers is an important research area in polymer science due to the wide applications of polymers in the fields of adhesion, biomaterials, protective coatings, friction and wear, composites, microelectronics, and thin-film technology [1][2][3]. Generally, these surface-modification methods can be divided into two classes: physical modifications [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and chemical modifications [11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

Oleophilic modification of poly(vinyl alcohol) films by functionalized soybean oil triglycerides

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