The premenstrual syndrome — an epidemiological and statistical exercise

Keep, P. A. van; Lehert, Philippe

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6255-5_2

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Our rationale was based on our own cue reactivity data in cocaine-dependent subjects (Robbins et al, 1999); on recent data indicating that males and females respond differently in studies examining smoking-related indices (Niaura et al, 1998;Perkins, 1999a;Perkins et al, 1992Perkins et al, , 1999Perkins et al, , 2001; and on studies indicating that symptoms such as irritability, difficulty focusing, and anxiety are increased during the luteal phase of the cycle (Van Keep & Lehert, 1981) and may influence craving responses. Although craving in response to our smoking cues was not different between males and females before they were separated by cycle phase, it was markedly depressed in FFemales compared either to males or to LFemales.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective study: Influence of menstrual cycle on cue-induced cigarette craving

Franklin

Napier

Ehrman

et al. 2004

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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Cigarettes acquire reinforcing properties from nicotine and from cues associated with their intake. However, smoking in males and females may be reinforced differentially. Smoking in females is posited to be influenced more by cues whereas male smoking is influenced predominantly by the direct pharmacological actions of nicotine in the brain. Menstrual cycle phase may contribute to some of the sex differences observed in smokers. We hypothesized that females may report more intense craving to smoking cue exposure than males and, further, that female craving scores may be influenced by menstrual cycle phase. Thus, we reexamined previously collected cue exposure data with respect to sex and cycle phase. Self-report measures were collected from subjects prior to and immediately following exposure to visual smoking stimuli. The study included 69 male and 41 female treatment-seeking subjects who smoked more than 15 cigarettes per day for more than 10 years. Females were grouped according to cycle phase. Of the female subjects, 17 were classified as follicular phase females (FFemales) and 24 were classified as luteal phase females (LFemales). Change scores were calculated from the subjective data collected before and after stimulus presentation. Contrary to our hypothesis, overall, males and all females did not differ in their level of cue-induced craving; however, when females were separated into groups by cycle phase, FFemales reported significantly less craving than either males or LFemales (p<.05). The suppressed craving response in FFemales suggests an influence of cycle phase on cue-induced craving.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective study: Influence of menstrual cycle on cue-induced cigarette craving

Franklin

Napier

Ehrman

et al. 2004

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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“…Wood et al (77) reported that menstrual pain was less frequent in women who had children, but reports of premenstrual tension were not associated with parity. In contrast, van Keep and Lehert (51) found that women without children were more likely to experience either physical or psychologic premenstrual symptoms. Neither Wood et al [77) nor van Keep and Lehert (51) controlled for age in their analyses.…”

Section: Demographic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Perimenstrual symptoms: prevalence and risk factors.

Logue¹,

Moos²

1986

Psychosomatic Medicine

180

112

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This article provides an overview of information on the prevalence of perimenstrual symptoms. Overall, at least 40% of women experience some cyclical perimenstrual symptoms. Although most women rate their symptoms as mild, approximately 2%-10% report severe symptoms. Prospective studies of perimenstrual symptoms indicate that retrospective reports are reasonably accurate among women who experience moderate to severe symptoms. However, among the majority of women with few or minimal symptoms, retrospective reports may amplify the cyclicity of variation in comparison to concurrent reports. A variety of risk factors are associated with patterns of symptom reporting and may provide clues to the etiology of perimenstrual symptoms and help to identify women most vulnerable to them. A woman's age and cycle characteristics are predictors of the type and severity of perimenstrual symptoms she experiences. In addition, a history of affective illness may be associated with increased reporting of perimenstrual symptoms. Future research should focus on developing new diagnostic criteria for subtypes of perimenstrual syndromes, exploring positive symptoms and experiences associated with the menstrual cycle, and formulating holistic treatment approaches that view perimenstrual syndromes as psychosomatic conditions.

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“…[2][3][4] Symptoms are most prominent after ovulation and may vary in severity throughout the premenstrual phase and the first few days of menstruation. 2 PMS is characterized by both emotional and physical symptoms, such as anxiety, impulsivity, depression, irritability, bloating, and headaches, whereas PMDD comprises mainly emotional symptoms that are similar to but more severe than those of PMS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%