The Preliminary Investigation of Communication Characteristics Using Evaporation Duct across the Taiwan Strait

Yang, Cheng; Shi, Yafei; Wang, Jian

doi:10.3390/jmse10101493

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…An efficient communication network can realize real-time DT and remote control between nodes and supports the needs of different application scenarios. In [19], the MIoT is mainly driven by marine resource development and management, maritime shipping safety, marine environment monitoring and protection, the cross-border cooperation and sharing economy, and scientific and technological progress and application needs [20]. With the continuous development of related technologies and the continuous expansion of application scenarios, the MIoT plays an increasingly important role in the marine industry and marine environmental protection [21].…”

Section: Related Work 121 Maritime Internet Of Things (Miot)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Air-to-Sea Integrated Maritime Internet of Things: Enabling Technologies, Applications, and Future Challenges

Liu,

Zhu,

Huang

et al. 2023

JMSE

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Future generation communication systems are exemplified by 5G and 6G wireless technologies, and the utilization of integrated air-to-sea (A2S) communication infrastructure is employed to extend network coverage and enhance data throughput to support data-driven maritime applications. These ground-breaking techniques have promoted the rapid development of the maritime internet of things (MIoT). In particular, the integration of air base stations (ABSs) in the MIoT can achieve broadband, low-delay, and reliable wireless transmissions. Considering the potential of ABS-enabled communications, this survey presents the state of the art in the A2S integrated MIoT. More specifically, relevant A2S integrated MIoT architectures are discussed together with the role of their building blocks. Next, we introduce the enabling technologies, including the sensor, communication, data processing and storage, and security and privacy protection techniques. Then, resource allocation, cloud/edge computing and caching, routing protocols, and spatial location optimization in the maritime environment are discussed and grouped based on their performance targets. Additionally, we also show the potential applications of the A2S integrated MIoT in marine environment monitoring, traffic, navigation safety, and resources management. Finally, several future challenges in the area of the A2S integrated MIoT are given, related to the technical security, reliability, and energy efficiency, etc.

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Section: Related Work 121 Maritime Internet Of Things (Miot)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Air-to-Sea Integrated Maritime Internet of Things: Enabling Technologies, Applications, and Future Challenges

Liu,

Zhu,

Huang

et al. 2023

JMSE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The differential operator in (10) can be factored in terms of two pseudo-differential operators [35]. Then, the above equation can be rewritten as…”

Section: Sliced Parabolic Equation Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The LTE-Maritime project proved the feasibility of high-speed wireless communication in coastal areas (up to 100 km from a shore) [ 8 ]. Unlike terrestrial scenarios, the maritime wireless propagation environment has unique meteorological characteristics, such as sea wave fluctuations [ 9 ] and the ducting effect over the sea surface [ 10 ]. Current fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks designed for terrestrial scenarios will be heavily affected by these maritime environmental factors [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Sliced Parabolic Equation Method to Characterize Maritime Radio Propagation

Wang

Zhou

et al. 2023

Sensors

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For maritime broadband communications, atmospheric ducts can enable beyond line-of-sight communications or cause severe interference. Due to the strong spatial–temporal variability of atmospheric conditions in near-shore areas, atmospheric ducts have inherent spatial heterogeneity and suddenness. This paper aims to evaluate the effect of horizontally inhomogeneous ducts on maritime radio propagation through theoretical analysis and measurement validation. To make better use of meteorological reanalysis data, we design a range-dependent atmospheric duct model. Then, a sliced parabolic equation algorithm is proposed to improve the prediction accuracy of path loss. We derive the corresponding numerical solution and analyze the feasibility of the proposed algorithm under the range-dependent duct conditions. A 3.5 GHz long-distance radio propagation measurement is utilized to verify the algorithm. The spatial distribution characteristics of atmospheric ducts in the measurements are analyzed. Based on actual duct conditions, the simulation results are consistent with the measured path loss. The proposed algorithm outperforms the existing method during the multiple duct periods. We further investigate the influence of different duct horizontal characteristics on the received signal strength.

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Statistical Analysis of Atmospheric Ducts in the Yellow and Bohai Seas of China and Study of Their Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Characteristics

Yang,

Li,

Lin

et al. 2024

Atmosphere

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Atmospheric ducts play a critical role in the propagation of electromagnetic waves by minimizing signal loss and extending transmission distances, which is essential for radar, communication, and navigation systems. This study leverages meteorological sounding data and reanalysis data to analyze the distribution of atmospheric ducts in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea regions of China. The parabolic equation method was employed to simulate the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves in evaporation ducts, surface ducts, and mixed duct environments, focusing on the effects of electromagnetic wave frequency and antenna height. In the Bohai Sea region, the height of evaporation ducts peaks at 13 m in spring and autumn, decreasing to 6 m in winter. In the Yellow Sea region, the height reaches 12 m in autumn and drops to 7 m in summer, indicating a heterogeneous distribution. The monthly mean occurrence rate of atmospheric ducts is defined as the number of atmospheric duct events in a given month divided by the total number of samples for that month. Influenced by the summer and winter monsoons, the occurrence rate of surface ducts is higher from May to September and lower from October to April of the following year. In contrast, elevated ducts reach their peak occurrence rate of 60% in October. In an evaporation duct environment, propagation loss gradually increases with distance, and the loss is more pronounced in non-uniform environments. In surface ducts, propagation loss exhibits periodic fluctuations with distance, exceeding 47 dB. The mixed duct environment integrates the characteristics of both evaporation and surface ducts, effectively filling the shadow zone between 10 m and 70 m.

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The Preliminary Investigation of Communication Characteristics Using Evaporation Duct across the Taiwan Strait

Cited by 5 publications

References 27 publications

A Survey on Air-to-Sea Integrated Maritime Internet of Things: Enabling Technologies, Applications, and Future Challenges

A Survey on Air-to-Sea Integrated Maritime Internet of Things: Enabling Technologies, Applications, and Future Challenges

A Sliced Parabolic Equation Method to Characterize Maritime Radio Propagation

Statistical Analysis of Atmospheric Ducts in the Yellow and Bohai Seas of China and Study of Their Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Characteristics

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