The pragmatic motifs of the Jespersen cycle: Default, activation, and the history of negation in French

'Nie sommer nie': Sociohistorical and formal comparative considerations in the rise and maintenance of the modern Afrikaans negation system

“…The first of these is that non-doubling reinforcement strategies that do not ultimately feed into JC, but that do play (discourse-)specific, and possibly only short-lived and non-generalising, negative reinforcement roles are as likely in Stage III languages as in Stage I or II languages (cf. Kiparsky and Condoravdi 2006, Mosegaard Hansen 2009, Larrivée 2010, and Willis et al 2013 for discussion of doubling reinforcements in Stage I and II languages). The second is that languages which select structurally high elements to serve as reinforcers (Stage II), which then become obligatory concord elements (Stage III), do not seem to proceed to Stage IV as readily as languages in which low reinforcers are reanalysed as concord elements (cf.…”

“…Recent research (cf. once again Poletto 2008a,b;Mosegaard Hansen 2009;Larrivée 2010;and Mosegaard Hansen and Visconti 2014) seems to suggest a further parallel between the innovated Afrikaans forms and elements which double an existing negator, namely that both appear to reinforce particular sub-types of negation rather than serving a general reinforcing function in the negative domain. We return to this matter in Section 3 below.…”

“…i.a. Dahl 2001;Schwenter 2002Schwenter , 2005Eckardt 2006; Kiparsky and Condoravdi 2006;Poletto 2008a,b;Mosegaard Hansen 2009;Biberauer , 2012aLarrivée 2010;Meisner, Stark and Völker 2013;Mosegaard Hansen and Visconti 2014). Some of this more recent literature has also highlighted the fact that reinforcers may be distributionally restricted, serving to emphasise particular types of negation rather than negation across-the-board (cf.…”

“…Schwenter 2002and Larrivée 2010 for more fine-grained discussion of this notion in relation to negative structures). This is possible not only with regular, proposition-oriented denials (cf.…”

The role of pragmatics in grammatical change: The case of French preverbal non

“…"immediately recognised fashion. Because textual progression is influenced by it, activation can be more readily tested (Larrivée 2010). The notion of activation constitutes a reformulation of the notion of presupposition (Dryer 1996) as information that is accessible to the hearer.…”