The Practical Salinity Scale 1978: Fitting the data

Perkin, R. G.; Lewis, E. L.

doi:10.1109/joe.1980.1145441

Cited by 109 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Salinities were derived from the conductivity and temperature measured at 1 atmosphere, according to standard procedures (Perkin & Lewis 1980). Dissolved oxygen.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lake Kauhako-, Moloka'i, Hawai'i: biological and chemical aspects of a morpho-ectogenic meromictic lake

Donachie¹,

Kinzie²,

Bidigare³

et al. 1999

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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We undertook the first combined microbiological and hydrochemical study of the 248 m deep meromichc Lake KauhakG. Situated at sea level 1.6 km from the sea in the crater of an extinct volcano on the island of Moloka'i, Hawai'i, USA, Lake KauhakB has the highest relative depth (ratio of depth to surface area, z, = 374 %) of any lake in the world. The upper 4.5 m were stratified (T= 23 to 26'C, salinity = 6 to 24.5), but below a pycnocline at -4.5 m temperature and salinity were uniform (T = -26.25"C; salinity = 32). Seawater hkely intrudes by horizontal hydraulic conductivity through rock separating the lake and the Pacific Ocean. Anoxia commenced below 2 m. Hydrogen sulfide was undetectable at 4 m. but averaged -130 PM between 5 and 28 m. Dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations ranged from -1.50 mM at the surface to -3.3 mM below 5 m. Total organic carbon peaked at 0.94 mM above the pycnocline hut rernaiced about 0.30 mM be!ow 5 m. Soluble reactive phosphorus and ammunium concentrations, nanomolar above the pycnocline, increased to -28 and l75 PM, respectively, at greater depth. Nitrate attained 3.7 PM in shallow water, but was -0.2 pM from the pycnocline to 100 m. Leucine aminopeptidase (LAPase) activity at the surface exceeded 1100 nmol of substrate hydrolyzed I-' h-' Activities of a-and P-glucosidase were lower, but showed depth distributions similar to that of LAPase. Surface waters hosted large and diverse picoplankton populations; chlorophyll a (chl a) exceeded 150 1-19 I-'. and heterotrophic bacteria and autofluorescent bacteria attained 2 X log and 9 X 109 1-l, respectively. Filamentous cyanobacteria and 'Proch1orococcus'-like autotrophs occurred only in the upper 2 m. Chl a was the dominant pigment above 2 m, but pigment diversity increased markedly in anoxic waters between 3 and 5 m. Lake Kauhako is a unique habitat for further studies, particularly of interactions among flora and fauna restricted to a shallow water column within a single basin.

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“…Salinities were derived from the conductivity and temperature measured at 1 atmosphere, according to standard procedures (Perkin & Lewis 1980). Dissolved oxygen.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lake Kauhako-, Moloka'i, Hawai'i: biological and chemical aspects of a morpho-ectogenic meromictic lake

Donachie¹,

Kinzie²,

Bidigare³

et al. 1999

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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“…This sensor monitors salinity, temperature, and pressure. Salinity is calculated from conductivity and temperature using the 1978 practical salinity scale equations (Perkin and Lewis 1980). The 16plus was modified by removing the batteries and replacing the stock pressure housing with a shortened Delrin housing with a connector for an external power supply.…”

Section: Materials and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Land/Ocean Biogeochemical Observatory: A robust networked mooring system for continuously monitoring complex biogeochemical cycles in estuaries

Jannasch

Coletti

Johnson

et al. 2008

Limnology & Ocean Methods

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An ocean observatory that consists of an array of moored sensor platforms, telemetry, and data collection and dissemination software was designed for monitoring the biogeochemistry and physical dynamics of coastal and estuarine ecosystems. The Land-Ocean Biogeochemical Observatory (LOBO) consists of robust moorings that can withstand tidal currents and weather. The moorings are highly configurable, can be deployed in waters as shallow as 0.5 m, are relatively easy to maintain, and accommodate a complete array of standard and novel sensors. The sensors communicate with an on-board controller which relays data to shore in near-real time. Up to five LOBO moorings have been simultaneously deployed and maintained in Elkhorn Slough, California, since November 2003. Continuous hourly data of biological, chemical, and physical properties are relayed to shore, processed, and disseminated to users through a web interface in near-real time. This article describes the design, implementation, and functionality of the LOBO monitoring system. *Corresponding Author: E-mail johnson@mbari.org AcknowledgmentsThis work was funded by the NSF Biocomplexity in the Environment program through grant ECS-0308070 and by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation through a grant to the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. The authors would like to acknowledge the significant help of John Douglas and the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Marine Operations group for supplying the boats and equipment needed for deploying and maintaining the moorings. We also appreciate help from the staff at the Elkhorn Slough Reserve and the Sea Harvest Fish Market who provided locations for the wireless network stations. Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods 6, 2008, 263-276 © 2008, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. LIMNOLOGY and OCEANOGRAPHY: METHODSElkhorn Slough located at the head of Monterey Bay along the Central California coast. The system is capable of operation in a variety of estuaries and protected coastal waters. Materials and proceduresThe observing system consists of two versions of moorings, a suite of standard and novel in situ sensors, and two-way wireless communications. Software controls data collection, archiving, quality control, and dissemination via the Internet. A network of five moorings located within various environments within Elkhorn Slough has been deployed and tested since November 2003.The mooring system was designed to fulfill criteria that include (a) holding a suite of physical, chemical, and bio-optical sensors just below the surface and, optionally, at deeper depths; (b) the ability to withstand environmental forces such as currents, waves, and fouling for sustained (~1 y) periods in typical estuaries and relatively sheltered coastal environments; (c) collection of real-time data from the sensors and relaying those values to shore; and (d) the ability to be robust, yet easy to maintain, using small boats. A list of functional and system design requirements are shown in Table 1. The design criteri...

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“…Several water masses are clearly apparent in these sections (Figure 2,3,4,5). Following the classifications in earlier studies (Park et al, 1993;Orsi et al, 1995;Rintoul and Bullister, 1999;Sokolov and Rintoul, 2000), these include: (1) the subtropical surface water (STSW), characterized by high salinity water above 200 m depth; (2) the subantarctic surface water (SASW) which has temperature between 5˚ to 10˚C; and (3) the Antarctic surface water (AASW) which has temperature below 2˚C and salinity lower than 34.1 (on practical salinity scale, unitless, Lewis, 1980, Perkin andLewis, 1980). The STSW is found north of the subtropical front and the SASW is located between the subantarctic front and polar front, while the AASW with small horizontal and vertical gradients extends from the polar front to the Antarctic coast.…”

Section: Water Masses and T/s Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper ocean thermohaline structure and its temporal variability in the southeast Indian Ocean

Yuan¹,

Martinson²,

Dong³

2004

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

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We examine the upper ocean thermohaline structure in the southeast Indian Ocean and its We find a strong temporal variation in the upper ocean thermal structure in the polar ocean southeast the Kerguelen Plateau. The depths of the mixed layer and T min layer increase over time. The mixed layer temperature decreases while the T min temperature increases during the same period. In addition, we see an increase from 1998 to 2002 in the length of the ice-free period prior to each XBT/XCTD sampling and surface wind forcing, calculated as the friction velocity cubed during the ice-free period. Our analysis suggests that the longer the ocean is exposed to the atmosphere and the stronger the wind stirring, the more enhanced is the turbulent mixing. This results in a greater mixed layer depth and more entrainment of colder water from the T min layer to the mixed layer. This surface forcing also enhances internal diffusive processes that mix the T min water with the warmer waters above and below the T min layer. The surface forcing is apparently dominant in determining the upper ocean thermal structure in this polar region.

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The Practical Salinity Scale 1978: Fitting the data

Cited by 109 publications

References 3 publications

Lake Kauhako-, Moloka'i, Hawai'i: biological and chemical aspects of a morpho-ectogenic meromictic lake

Lake Kauhako-, Moloka'i, Hawai'i: biological and chemical aspects of a morpho-ectogenic meromictic lake

The Land/Ocean Biogeochemical Observatory: A robust networked mooring system for continuously monitoring complex biogeochemical cycles in estuaries

Upper ocean thermohaline structure and its temporal variability in the southeast Indian Ocean

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