The Practical Application of Ion Association Model Saturation Level Indices to Commercial Water Treatment Problem Solving

Ferguson, Robert J.; Freedman, Arthur J.; Fowler, G. W.; Kulik, Andrzej; Robson, Jon; Weintritt, D.J.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1400-2_26

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Rigorous Carbonic Acid Calculations (Minimizing Assumption 2)1

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“…Ion association model saturation levels corrects for the errors introduced by noncarbonate alkalinity and high TDS and should be employed when available [4,5,12,13]. The lower control point can increase the difficulty in maintaining control in poorly buffered waters and increase the sulfate-based scale potential of the water due to the higher sulfates in the make-up or feed water and recirculating cooling water or reverse osmosis brine.…”

Section: Rigorous Carbonic Acid Calculations (Minimizing Assumption 2)mentioning

confidence: 99%