The PP2C-Type Phosphatase AP2C1, Which Negatively Regulates MPK4 and MPK6, Modulates Innate Immunity, Jasmonic Acid, and Ethylene Levels in<i>Arabidopsis</i>

Schweighofer, Alois; Kazanavičiūtė, Vaiva; Scheikl, Elisabeth; Teige, Markus; Dóczi, Róbert; Hirt, Heribert; Schwanninger, Manfred; Kant, Merijn R.; Schuurink, Robert C.; Mauch, Félix; Buchala, Antony; Cardinale, Francesca; Meskiene, Irute

doi:10.1105/tpc.106.049585

Cited by 307 publications

(358 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…On the other hand, lack of MPK3 increases basal susceptibility, as previously reported (Ren et al, 2008), but does not significantly affect elicitor-induced resistance. Consistently, simultaneous dephosphorylation of MPK3 and MPK6 in transgenic plants overexpressing the Arabidopsis MAPK Ser/Thr phosphatase AP2C1 (Schweighofer et al, 2007) impairs both basal and induced resistance to B. cinerea, recapitulating the phenotypes observed in single mapk mutants.…”

mentioning

confidence: 55%

“…A previous report demonstrated that MPK6 can be dephosphorylated by the Arabidopsis PP2C Ser/Thr protein phosphatase AP2C1 (Schweighofer et al, 2007). The expression of AP2C1 gene is up-regulated in response to several MAMPs, as shown by publicly available microarray data (Supplemental Fig.…”

Section: Elicitor-induced Phosphorylation Of Both Mpk3 and Mpk6 Is Prmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Elicitor-induced MAPK phosphorylation was therefore analyzed in two independent transgenic lines overexpressing AP2C1 fused to the GFP (lines 640.1 and 640.2; Schweighofer et al, 2007). The overexpression of AP2C1 in 640.1 and 640.2 seedlings was confirmed by both reverse transcription (RT)-PCR (Supplemental Fig.…”

Section: Elicitor-induced Phosphorylation Of Both Mpk3 and Mpk6 Is Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arabidopsis MPK3 and MPK6 Play Different Roles in Basal and Oligogalacturonide- or Flagellin-Induced Resistance against Botrytis cinerea

2011

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Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are fundamental components of the plant innate immune system. MPK3 and MPK6 are Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) MAPKs activated by pathogens and elicitors such as oligogalacturonides (OGs), which function as damage-associated molecular patterns, and flg22, a well-known microbe-associated molecular pattern. However, the specific contribution of MPK3 and MPK6 to the regulation of elicitor-induced defense responses is not completely defined. In this work we have investigated the roles played by these MAPKs in elicitor-induced resistance against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Analysis of single mapk mutants revealed that lack of MPK3 increases basal susceptibility to the fungus, as previously reported, but does not significantly affect elicitor-induced resistance. Instead, lack of MPK6 has no effect on basal resistance but suppresses OG-and flg22-induced resistance to B. cinerea. Overexpression of the AP2C1 phosphatase leads to impaired OG-and flg22-induced phosphorylation of both MPK3 and MPK6, and to phenotypes that recapitulate those of the single mapk mutants. These data indicate that OG-and flg22-induced defense responses effective against B. cinerea are mainly dependent on MAPKs, with a greater contribution of MPK6.

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confidence: 55%

Section: Elicitor-induced Phosphorylation Of Both Mpk3 and Mpk6 Is Prmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Elicitor-induced Phosphorylation Of Both Mpk3 and Mpk6 Is Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arabidopsis MPK3 and MPK6 Play Different Roles in Basal and Oligogalacturonide- or Flagellin-Induced Resistance against Botrytis cinerea

2011

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“…Nevertheless, the speed with which SIPK activity levels decrease in AZ following simulated herbivory (W1OS) suggests that the negative regulation of SIPK is stronger in AZ than in UT. A recent study in Arabidopsis has shown that a phosphatase, AP2C1, might be responsible for this negative regulation (Schweighofer et al, 2007). .…”

Section: Natural Variation In Herbivore-induced Signaling Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Two Nicotiana attenuata Accessions Reveals Large Differences in Signaling Induced by Oral Secretions of the Specialist Herbivore Manduca sexta

Hettenhausen

Schuman

et al. 2008

Plant Physiology

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Genetic variation within and among populations provides the raw material for evolution. Although many studies describe inter-and intraspecific variation of defensive metabolites, little is known about variation among plant populations within early signaling responses elicited by herbivory or by herbivore oral secretions (OS) introduced into wounds during feeding. In this study, we compare the OS-elicited early responses as well as the antiherbivore defensive metabolites in two accessions of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata and show that, compared with an accession collected from Utah, an Arizona accession has lower herbivore-elicited activity of the salicylic acid-induced protein kinase, an important mitogen-activated protein kinase involved in herbivore resistance. These differences in salicylic acid-induced protein kinase activity were associated with substantially different levels of OS-elicited jasmonic acid, jasmonic acid-isoleucine conjugate, and ethylene bursts. Gene expression level polymorphism (ELP) determines phenotypic variation among populations, and we found the two accessions to have significantly different ELPs in the genes involved in early signaling responses to herbivory. In addition, we found differences between the Utah and the Arizona accessions in the concentrations of several secondary metabolites that contribute to N. attenuata's direct and indirect defenses. This study demonstrates significant natural variation in regulatory elements that mediate plant responses to herbivore attack, highlighting the role of ELP in producing a diversity of plant defense phenotypes.

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“…Additional support indicating that MPK4 positively regulates the JA pathway comes from investigation of AP2C1, an Arabidopsis Ser/ Thr phosphatase of type 2C, that is a novel stress signal regulator that inactivates MPK4. ap2c1 mutants produce significantly higher amounts of JA upon wounding and are more resistant to phytophagous mites (Schweighofer et al, 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

Soybean Homologs of MPK4 Negatively Regulate Defense Responses and Positively Regulate Growth and Development

et al. 2011

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play important roles in disease resistance in model plant species such as Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). However, the importance of MAPK signaling pathways in the disease resistance of crops is still largely uninvestigated. To better understand the role of MAPK signaling pathways in disease resistance in soybean (Glycine max), 13, nine, and 10 genes encoding distinct MAPKs, MAPKKs, and MAPKKKs, respectively, were silenced using virus-induced gene silencing mediated by Bean pod mottle virus. Among the plants silenced for various MAPKs, MAPKKs, and MAPKKKs, those in which GmMAPK4 homologs (GmMPK4s) were silenced displayed strong phenotypes including stunted stature and spontaneous cell death on the leaves and stems, the characteristic hallmarks of activated defense responses. Microarray analysis showed that genes involved in defense responses, such as those in salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathways, were significantly up-regulated in GmMPK4-silenced plants, whereas genes involved in growth and development, such as those in auxin signaling pathways and in cell cycle and proliferation, were significantly down-regulated. As expected, SA and hydrogen peroxide accumulation was significantly increased in GmMPK4-silenced plants. Accordingly, GmMPK4-silenced plants were more resistant to downy mildew and Soybean mosaic virus compared with vector control plants. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis and in vitro kinase assays, we determined that GmMKK1 and GmMKK2 might function upstream of GmMPK4. Taken together, our results indicate that GmMPK4s negatively regulate SA accumulation and defense response but positively regulate plant growth and development, and their functions are conserved across plant species.

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The PP2C-Type Phosphatase AP2C1, Which Negatively Regulates MPK4 and MPK6, Modulates Innate Immunity, Jasmonic Acid, and Ethylene Levels inArabidopsis

Cited by 307 publications

References 87 publications

Arabidopsis MPK3 and MPK6 Play Different Roles in Basal and Oligogalacturonide- or Flagellin-Induced Resistance against Botrytis cinerea

Arabidopsis MPK3 and MPK6 Play Different Roles in Basal and Oligogalacturonide- or Flagellin-Induced Resistance against Botrytis cinerea

A Comparison of Two Nicotiana attenuata Accessions Reveals Large Differences in Signaling Induced by Oral Secretions of the Specialist Herbivore Manduca sexta

Soybean Homologs of MPK4 Negatively Regulate Defense Responses and Positively Regulate Growth and Development

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