The powerful synergistic effect of spiramycin/propolis loaded chitosan/alginate nanoparticles on acute murine toxoplasmosis

Hagras, Nancy Abd-elkader; Mogahed, Nermine Mogahed Fawzy Hussein; Sheta, Eman; Darwish, Amira Abd-elfattah; El-Hawary, Mohamed Ali; Hamed, Moaaz T.; Elwakil, Bassma H.

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010268

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The present findings are consistent with a previous study [ 57 ] reporting the obvious effect of propolis in reducing the number of cysts in rats experimentally infected with chronic toxoplasmosis. Furthermore, these results highlight the capability of propolis to restore the histological structure of the studied organs and suppress the multiplication of T. gondii tachyzoites, which is consistent with the findings of a prior study [ 57 ]. A previous in vitro report demonstrated the antitoxoplasma activity of an ethanolic extract of propolis [ 58 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…For example, liver tissue from Toxoplasma -infected mice showed disturbed architecture, extracellular tachyzoite collection, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, and diffuse hepatocyte ballooning with focal fatty degeneration, in addition to various other histopathological lesions [ 25 ]. A previous study [ 57 ] reported that hepatic tissues of animals infected with Toxoplasma gondii showed massive edema of the liver capsule. Furthermore, all portal tracts showed moderate to severe inflammatory infiltration with lymphocytes and plasma cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wheat Germ Oil and Propolis Decrease Parasite Burden and Restore Marked Histopathological Changes in Liver and Lung in Mice with Chronic Toxoplasmosis

Barakat

Fadaly

Gareh

et al. 2022

Animals

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Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution. Its effects can be critical in immunocompromised patients. However, there is a limited availability of effective, low-toxicity drugs against this disease, particularly in its chronic form. The present study evaluated the effect of propolis and wheat germ oil (WGO) as safe, natural products to reduce Toxoplasma cysts in experimentally infected mice. For the experiment, five groups (10 mice per group) were examined: Group 1: negative control (noninfected, nontreated); Group 2: positive control (infected, nontreated); Group 3: infected and treated with WGO at a dose of 0.2 mg/1.5 mL per kg body weight/day; Group 4: infected and treated with 0.1 mL propolis extract/day; and Group 5: infected and treated with a combination of WGO and propolis at the same doses as Group 3 and 4. After the mice were sacrificed, liver and lung specimens underwent histopathological examination, and the parasite burden was investigated by parasitological methods and quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Notably, the results showed a substantial decrease in parasitic burden in Group 5 compared to the control group. These results were further confirmed by molecular analysis and quantification of the DNA concentration of the Toxoplasma P29 gene after treatment in all tested samples. Furthermore, the combination of propolis and WGO restored all histopathological changes in the liver and lungs. Taken together, these findings provide remarkably promising evidence of the effects of the combination of WGO and propolis against chronic toxoplasmosis in mice.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wheat Germ Oil and Propolis Decrease Parasite Burden and Restore Marked Histopathological Changes in Liver and Lung in Mice with Chronic Toxoplasmosis

Barakat

Fadaly

Gareh

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…Additionally, the present results agree with a previous study [ 28 ] that reported the synergetic effect of propolis in combination with spiramycin against acute toxoplasmosis with a reduction percentage of >96% in parasitic load in the liver, spleen, and brain through enhancing the ability of spiramycin to penetrate the blood–brain barrier. In the present work, the results of RT-PCR confirmed the parasitological results since there was a significant reduction in the parasite load in the animals treated with propolis (G3) compared to the positive control group (G2), which had the highest parasite load.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Regarding toxoplasmosis, various plant extracts, such as Zingiber ofcinale [ 26 ], Eurycoma longifolia [ 27 ], and propolis [ 28 ], have been proven to be effective against T. gondii. propolis is a natural bee product composed of approximately 300 compounds, including wax, essential oils, amino acids, and major phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, in addition to some acids, such as caffeic acid [ 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitological, Molecular, and Histopathological Investigation of the Potential Activity of Propolis and Wheat Germ Oil against Acute Toxoplasmosis in Mice

et al. 2023

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Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common parasitic zoonoses that affects all vertebrates. The drugs most commonly used against toxoplasmosis have many side effects, making the development of new antiparasitic drugs a big challenge. The present study evaluated the therapeutic effectiveness of novel herbal treatments, including propolis and wheat germ oil (WGO), against acute toxoplasmosis. A total of 50 albino mice were divided into five groups: group 1 (G1) (non-infected and non-treated); group 2 (G2) (infected without treatment); group 3 (G3) (treated with propolis); group 4 (G4) (treated with WGO); group 5 (G5) (treated with a combination of propolis and WGO). The effects of the herbal substances on different organs, mainly liver, spleen, and lungs, were investigated using parasitological, molecular, and histopathological examinations. The results of parasitological examination demonstrated statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences in the parasitic load between treated groups (G3, G4, and G5) compared to the control positive group (G2). These differences were represented by a significant reduction in the parasite load in stained tissue smears from the liver obtained from the animals treated with propolis (G3) compared to the parasite load in the positive control group. Similarly, animals (G4) treated with WGO exhibited a significant reduction in the parasite load versus the positive control group, while the lowest parasite load was found in G5, treated with propolis and WGO. Quantification of the parasite burden through molecular methods (PCR) revealed similar findings represented by reduction in the parasite burden in all treated groups with WGO and propolis as compared to the control group. Importantly, these previous parasitological and molecular findings were accompanied by a marked improvement in the histopathological picture of the liver, spleen, and lungs. In conclusion, propolis and WGO showed a good combination of therapeutic efficacy against acute toxoplasmosis.

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“…Chitosan and alginate as abundant and versatile marine polysaccharides, showed excellent mucosal adhesion, biodegradability and biocompatibility (Bhunchu and Rojsitthisak, 2014 ; Chu and Wang, 2020 ; Sudhakar et al., 2020 ; Taemeh et al., 2020 ). Chitosan/alginate nanoparticles (CANPs), prepared by the ionic gel method using chitosan and alginate as shells, have attracted attention as oral drug carriers (Hagras et al., 2022 ; Li et al., 2022 ). CANPs exhibited strong electrostatic interactions between carboxyl groups of alginate and amino groups of chitosan, resulting in shrinkage and gel formation at low pH, thereby protecting the drugs, from GIT and the aggressive gastric environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of chitosan/alginate nanoparticle in oral drug delivery systems: prospects and challenges

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2022

Drug Delivery

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Oral drug delivery systems (ODDSs) have various advantages of simple operation and few side effects. ODDSs are highly desirable for colon-targeted therapy (e.g. ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer), as they improve therapeutic efficiency and reduce systemic toxicity. Chitosan/alginate nanoparticles (CANPs) show strong electrostatic interaction between the carboxyl group of alginates and the amino group of chitosan which leads to shrinkage and gel formation at low pH, thereby protecting the drugs from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and aggressive gastric environment. Meanwhile, CANPs as biocompatible polymer, show intestinal mucosal adhesion, which could extend the retention time of drugs on inflammatory sites. Recently, CANPs have attracted increasing interest as colon-targeted oral drug delivery system for intestinal diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize the application and treatment of CANPs in intestinal diseases and insulin delivery. And then provide a future perspective of the potential and development direction of CANPs as colon-targeted ODDSs.

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The powerful synergistic effect of spiramycin/propolis loaded chitosan/alginate nanoparticles on acute murine toxoplasmosis

Cited by 21 publications

References 41 publications

Wheat Germ Oil and Propolis Decrease Parasite Burden and Restore Marked Histopathological Changes in Liver and Lung in Mice with Chronic Toxoplasmosis

Wheat Germ Oil and Propolis Decrease Parasite Burden and Restore Marked Histopathological Changes in Liver and Lung in Mice with Chronic Toxoplasmosis

Parasitological, Molecular, and Histopathological Investigation of the Potential Activity of Propolis and Wheat Germ Oil against Acute Toxoplasmosis in Mice

Application of chitosan/alginate nanoparticle in oral drug delivery systems: prospects and challenges

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