The power of weak ion-exchange resins assisted by amelogenin for natural remineralization of dental enamel: an in vitro study

Abstract

This study aims to develop an innovative dental product to remineralize dental enamel by a proper combination of ion-exchange resins as controlled release of mineral ions that form dental enamel, in the presence of amelogenin to guide the appropriate crystal growth. The novel product proposed consists of a combination of ion-exchange resins (weak acid and weak base) individually loaded with the remineralizing ions: Ca2+, PO43− and F−, also including Zn2+ in a minor amount as antibacterial, together with the protein amelogenin. Such cocktail provides onsite controlled release of the ions necessary for enamel remineralization due to the weak character of the resins and at the same time, a guiding tool for related crystal growth by the indicated protein. Amelogenin protein is involved in the structural development of natural enamel and takes a key role in controlling the crystal growth morphology and alignment at the enamel surface. Bovine teeth were treated by applying the resins and protein together with artificial saliva. Treated teeth were evaluated with nanoindentation, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The innovative material induces the dental remineralization creating a fluorapatite layer with a hardness equivalent to sound enamel, with the appropriate alignment of corresponding nanocrystals, being the fluorapatite more acid resistant than the original mineral. Our results suggest that the new product shows potential for promoting long-term remineralization leading to the inhibition of caries and protection of dental structures.

THE EFFECT OF MISWAK & ITS PROTOCOL OF PLACEMENT, ON THE STRUCTURE, MINERAL CONTENT OF CHEMICAL AND LASER ASSISTED BLEACHED WHITE SPOT

“…In case of availability of great amount of fluoride, calcium fluoride will be formed, and if acid phosphate or phosphate ions are present, calcium fluoride can hydrolyze to form partially fluoridated hydroxyapatite (FHAP).it would be likely that fluoride would boost change of soluble, less steady mineral phases (DCPD, OCP, TCP) to less soluble, more steady mineral phases (HAP, FHAP, FAP) (26) Furthermore, fluoride is further operational in stopping hydroxyapatite dissolution when calcium and phosphate ions are also in solution. With fluoride accessibility, demineralization is diminished because portion of the calcium and phosphate missed by the dissolution of hydroxyapatite regained by the enamel as extra acid-resistant fluorapatite (29) .…”

Recombinant amelogenin peptide TRAP promoting remineralization of early enamel caries: An in vitro study

“…Because of its biomimetic mineralization capability, the enamel biomimetic remineralization strategy using amelogenin is being extensively researched. Diez-García et al (2022) made amelogenin, ion exchange resin (containing calcium, phosphorus, fluorine, and zinc plasma), and artificial saliva into new products for bovine teeth, and found that it induced tooth remineralization to form fluorapatite, which is more acid-resistant and has the potential to promote long-term remineralization. Our previous study found that an amelogenin synthetic peptide (consisting of the N- and C-termini of porcine amelogenin) induces the remineralization of incipient enamel caries.…”