The aim of this article is to explore how the practice of critical reflection within a management learning process can be facilitated through the application of reflective processes and tools. A distinction is drawn between reflection as a form of individual development (of, say, the reflective practitioner), and critical reflection as a route to collective action and a component of organizational learning and change. Critical reflection, however, is not a process that comes naturally to many managers and may have to be learned or facilitated, either in formal classroom contexts, or through learning processes such as coaching, mentoring and action learning. The article discusses some of the tools available to learning facilitators, in helping a group or client towards a more critically reflective understanding of their situation and organization. These include processes such as storytelling, and reflective and reflexive conversations, and the use of tools such as reflective metaphors, critical incident analysis, reflective journals, repertory grids and concept mapping. Such tools provide an aid to critical reflection, which is seen as one process that mediates between experience, knowledge and action.Key words: critical reflection, reflective tools, management development, facilitated learning 3The aim of this article is to explore how the practice of critical reflection within a management learning setting can be facilitated through the application of reflective processes and tools. To date, much of the discourse on critical reflection within the management literature has highlighted the significance of reflective processes to management understanding and self-knowledge, without offering much enlightenment on the mechanics of how this can be achieved. This article attempts to examine a range of reflective processes and tools (the latter including storytelling, metaphors, critical incident analysis and repertory grids) that might serve to assist the work of workshop facilitators, coaches, mentors and others who are engaged in assisting the management learning process. Some of these processes and tools have traditionally been used in professional contexts other than management learning. In this article the focus will be on their relevance for management learning itself. It should be noted that these tools and processes are offered as exemplars for illustration -the list is not meant to be exhaustive. A deliberate distinction is also drawn between reflection and critical reflection, the latter incorporating a focus on the questioning of assumptions and social rather than individual perspectives, as well as an attention to the analysis of power relations in organizations. The article strives to show, then, how reflective tools can be used to facilitate this critical element of reflection.
MANAGEMENT LEARNING AND CRITICAL REFLECTIONReflection is an active and purposeful process of exploration and discovery, often leading to unexpected outcomes. It is the bridge between experience and learning, involving both...