The Potential Vaccine Component for COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review of Global Vaccine Development Efforts

Khan, Israr; Ahmed, Zahoor; Sarwar, Ayesha; Jamil, Abdur; Anwer, Faiz

doi:10.7759/cureus.8871

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…SARS-CoV-2 may directly cause acute pancreatitis due to the higher expression of ACE2 receptors in pancreatic islets. Acute pancreatitis can be secondary to intense inflammatory response and cytokine storm induced by COVID-19 infection [16,17]. In our case, the patient had laboratory evidence of marked systemic inflammation with increased ESR, CRP, and D-dimer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia and Acute Pancreatitis in a Young Girl

Ehsan¹,

Haseeb²,

Khan³

et al. 2021

Cureus

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pneumonia and acute pancreatitis are rarely reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 . We present the case of a 13-year-old girl who presented with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain for the last two days, along with a cough for the last week. She had a fever and tachycardia. Lung examination revealed reduced breath sounds, and abdominal examination showed tenderness in the epigastrium. COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction was positive, and her serum chemistry revealed elevated serum amylase and lipase. Abdominal computed tomography revealed diffuse inflammation of the pancreas with peripancreatic edema, and chest X-ray demonstrated diffuse infiltrates and pneumonic patches in both lungs. Her initial management included bowel rest, intravenous fluids, intravenous remdesivir, and azithromycin with supplemental oxygen based on the provisional diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia and acute pancreatitis. Her abdominal symptoms started improving, and dexamethasone was added to her regimen due to her worsened respiratory condition. She was symptom-free on day seven except for a mild cough. She was discharged on day eight with follow-up.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia and Acute Pancreatitis in a Young Girl

Ehsan¹,

Haseeb²,

Khan³

et al. 2021

Cureus

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“…The bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine is another live-attenuated vaccine consisting of the bacteria that causes bovine tuberculosis ( Mycobacterium bovis ). Remarkably, bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination seems to demonstrate non-specific protective effects against other respiratory tract infections ( 17 ). The analysis has shown that countries with high coverage of BCG have a low death rate from COVID-19 ( 94 ).…”

Section: Covid-19: Therapeutic Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1a ). Several other nonstructural proteins are also encoded by the viral genome (RNA polymerase, RdRp; papain-like protease, PLpro; coronavirus main protease, 3CLpro) ( 17 ). A representative transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of SARS-CoV-2 viruses in host cells is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments on Therapeutic and Diagnostic Approaches for COVID-19

Majumder

Minko

2021

AAPS J

354

266

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The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has made a serious public health threat worldwide with millions of people at risk in a growing number of countries. Though there are no clinically approved antiviral drugs and vaccines for COVID-19, attempts are ongoing for clinical trials of several known antiviral drugs, their combination, as well as development of vaccines in patients with confirmed COVID-19. This review focuses on the latest approaches to diagnostics and therapy of COVID-19. We have summarized recent progress on the conventional therapeutics such as antiviral drugs, vaccines, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody treatments, and convalescent plasma therapy which are currently under extensive research and clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19. The developments of nanoparticle-based therapeutic and diagnostic approaches have been also discussed for COVID-19. We have assessed recent literature data on this topic and made a summary of current development and future perspectives.

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“…Recently, the innovation and development of technologies in mRNA sequences engineering, mRNA production, and mRNA vaccine delivery materials make the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines possible [152] . By April 2021, more than 14 mRNA vaccines are being developed against COVID-19 by researchers across the world [ 148 , 153 , 154 ]. The Phase III clinical trials of mRNA vaccines BNT162 (Pfizer/BioNTech Inc.) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna Inc.) [155] , [156] , [157] , [158] , [159] , [160] have been finished ( Table 1 ); the vaccine products have been approved for commercial use.…”

Section: Therapeutic Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic modified messenger RNA for therapeutic applications

et al. 2021

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Synthetic modified messenger RNA (mRNA) has manifested great potentials for therapeutic applications such as vaccines and gene therapies, with the recent mRNA vaccines for global pandemic COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019) attracting the tremendous attention. The chemical modifications and delivery vehicles of synthetic mRNAs are the two key factors for their in vivo therapeutic applications. Chemical modifications like nucleoside methylation endow the synthetic mRNAs with high stability and reduced stimulation of innate immunity. The development of scalable production of synthetic mRNA and efficient mRNA formulation and delivery strategies in recent years have remarkably advanced the field. It is worth noticing that we had limited knowledge on the roles of mRNA modifications in the past. However, the last decade has witnessed not only new discoveries of several naturally occurring mRNA modifications but also substantial advances in understanding their roles on regulating gene expression. It is highly necessary to reconsider the therapeutic system made by synthetic modified mRNAs and delivery vectors. In this review, we will mainly discuss the roles of various chemical modifications on synthetic mRNAs, briefly summarize the progresses of mRNA delivery strategies, and highlight some latest mRNA therapeutics applications including infectious disease vaccines, cancer immunotherapy, mRNA-based genetic reprogramming and protein replacement, mRNA-based gene editing.

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The Potential Vaccine Component for COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review of Global Vaccine Development Efforts

Cited by 17 publications

References 28 publications

Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia and Acute Pancreatitis in a Young Girl

Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia and Acute Pancreatitis in a Young Girl

Recent Developments on Therapeutic and Diagnostic Approaches for COVID-19

Synthetic modified messenger RNA for therapeutic applications

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