The potential use of laser cladded functionally graded materials to mitigate degradation in boiler tube heat exchangers for power plant applications: A review

Abstract

Surface modification is essential to safeguard heat exchangers from premature failure spurred by deterioration mechanisms such as corrosion and wear, which diminish performance. Meanwhile, modifying some substrates with dissimilar materials is challenging due to a mismatch in material properties. Moreover, individual alloy coatings on substrates are usually insufficient in the required material properties, leading to accelerated failure of equipment, especially in power plant industries. This article summarised the knowledge base on functionally graded materials (FGMs) while emphasising how this promising class of novel materials can reduce deterioration. Additionally, laser cladding is established to be a suitable technique for processing FGMs. A particular focus is laid on the laser beam interaction with the FGM and expounding on the processing and material parameters that affect the microstructural properties of FGMs. The development prospects for processing FGMs with superior clad quality characteristics to increase boiler pipes' service life and performance are also highlighted.

Fabrication of Smart Materials Using Laser Processing: Analysis and Prospects

“…In addition, the study in [107] proposed optimizing the laser cladding process parameters through intelligent system optimization algorithms. Cladding can also be achieved through the use of transition layers [108], and the process itself can lead to the creation of functionally graded materials [109] and refractory high-entropy alloys with distinct microstructures and properties [110,111]. The application of laser cladding for the fabrication of high-entropy alloys is thoughtfully presented in [112,113].…”