The potential use of high-performance liquid chromatography in residue analysis

Sensing Food Contaminants: Advances in Analytical Methods and Techniques

“…While this study only proposed a method for detecting vegetable extracts and did not verify the technique in a food matrix, by 1964, GC had become the gold standard at the FDA for detecting chlorinated pesticides such as DDT, aldrin, and heptachlor with detection limits around 0.002 ppm . In 1973, high performance (also known as high pressure) LC (HPLC) was proposed as an alternative technique to GC by Eisenbeiss and Sieper for pesticide residue analysis to detect less volatile substances and those that may decompose at higher temperatures . This was successfully carried out in 1976 by Dolphin et al to detect organochlorine pesticides in milk at the ∼0.1 ppm level, and by Lawrence to detect carbamate pesticides in crops at levels ranging from 0.004–0.3 ppm …”

The separation of herbicides by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

“…igh performance liauid chromato ra h HPLC) and I)Lc c " ~ g p y ( ombined with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) have also been used to determine these compounds [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. With these techniques no derivatization prior to the LC when applied to non-volatile compounds such as the chlorophenoxy acids herbicides.…”

A Semiquantitative Analysis of PCB and P,P-DDE Residues in Stranded Marine Mammals Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography

“…The volatile nature of the residue extract and the lack of sensitive ultraviolet (UV) wavelength detectors early on, made GC the method of choice (Horgan, 1974;Sherma, 1981). Although some workers demonstrated the feasibility of HPLC, it was mostly used in sample cleanup before determination by GC (Eisenbeiss & Sieper, 1973;Demeter & Heyndrickx, 1979;Petrick et al, 1988).…”

“…However, some of the insecticides such as aldrin, dieldrin, lindane, and heptachlor exhibit little or no UV absorption; HPLC with a UV detector would be of little use for detecting these residues (Osselton & Snelling, 1986). PCB's, as well as the DDT group of insecticides, absorb UV well enough at shorter wavelengths to permit the use of HPLC (Eisenbeiss & Sieper, 1973;MacNeil et aI., 1976). Derivatization of residues to a more UV-absorbing product could also be done (Seidl & Ballschmiter, 1979).…”