The potential therapeutic value and application prospect of engineered exosomes in human diseases

Abstract

Exosomes are tiny vesicles produced by a wide range of cells that contain complex RNA and protein. In the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness, they offer great potential. In vitro engineering technique modifies exosomes to produce designed exosomes that include nucleic acids, proteins, and medicines, and are targeted to particular tissues or cells. Their applications range from tumor imaging and gene therapy to vaccine production and regenerative medicine to targeted medication delivery. Many disciplines have promising futures for using this technology. In this review, we’ll look at the potential therapeutic usefulness and use of engineered exosomes in a variety of human illnesses with various systemic manifestations.

Biodelivery of therapeutic extracellular vesicles: should mononuclear phagocytes always be feared?

“…EVs derived from immune cells, such as T cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or macrophages, as well as from other sources, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), have a clear immunomodulatory capacity ( Zhang et al, 2014 ; Zhou et al, 2020 ; Hazrati et al, 2022 ) due to the expression of costimulatory molecules, antigen presenting activity and transfer of specific cargos, which makes them useful tools in the propagation of anti-tumor response or autoimmune suppression ( Marar et al, 2021 ). New opportunities for EVs’ engineering are proposed for the treatment of neurological, bone, cardiac and metabolic diseases, as well as cancers ( Nazimek and Bryniarski, 2020b ; Liu et al, 2022 ; Sun et al, 2023 ), and in regenerative medicine ( Lelek and Zuba-Surma, 2020 ; Lee and Kim, 2021 ; Karnas et al, 2023 ). Moreover, modified EVs are described as promising vehicles for targeted drug delivery, especially in cancer therapy ( Chen J. et al, 2022 ; Sun et al, 2022 , 2023 ; Tan et al, 2022 ).…”

“…New opportunities for EVs' engineering are proposed for the treatment of neurological, bone, cardiac and metabolic diseases, as well as cancers (Nazimek and Bryniarski, 2020b;Liu et al, 2022;Sun et al, 2023), and in regenerative medicine (Lelek and Zuba-Surma, 2020;Lee and Kim, 2021;Karnas et al, 2023). Moreover, modified EVs are described as promising vehicles for targeted drug delivery, especially in cancer therapy (Chen J. et al, 2022;Sun et al, 2022Sun et al, , 2023Tan et al, 2022).…”

Harnessing genetically engineered cell membrane-derived vesicles as biotherapeutics

“…Engineered exosomes show promising clinical potential across diverse fields, encompassing tumors, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. They have demonstrated enhanced therapeutic effects and improved targeting capabilities compared to their natural counterparts [119,120] . In contrast to other engineered methods of original cell modification, genetic engineering has the advantage of serving as carriers for protein and nucleic acid therapeutics simultaneously [121,36] .…”