The Potential Roles of Probiotics, Resistant Starch, and Resistant Proteins in Ameliorating Inflammation during Aging (Inflammaging)

Abstract

Aging is typically accompanied by biological and physiological changes that alter cellular functions. Two of the most predominant phenomena in aging include chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) and changes in the gut microbiota composition (dysbiosis). Although a direct causal relationship has not been established, many studies have reported significant reductions in inflammation during aging through well-maintained gut health and microbial balance. Prebiotics and probiotics are known to support gut health and can be easily incorporated into the daily diet. Unfortunately, few studies specifically focus on their significance in reducing inflammation during aging. Therefore, this review summarizes the scientific evidence of the potential roles of probiotics and two types of prebiotics, resistant starch and resistant proteins, in later age. Studies have demonstrated that the oral consumption of bacteria that may contribute to anti-inflammatory response, such as Bifidobacterium spp., Akkermansia munichipilla, and Faecalis praunitzii, contributes significantly to the suppression of pro-inflammatory markers in elderly humans and aged animals. Colonic fermentation of resistant starch and proteins also demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity owing to the production of butyrate and an improvement in the gut microbiota composition. Collectively, probiotics, resistant starch, and resistant proteins have the potential to promote healthy aging.

Amelioratory Effect of Resistant Starch on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via the Gut-Liver Axis

“…In an animal model of NAFLD, decreased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila was observed ( 40 ). It was also found that A. muciniphila prevents fatty liver disease by regulating the expression of genes that regulate fat synthesis and inflammation in the liver ( 41 ). Moreover, a recent human study showed that the intake of RSs promotes the abundance of A. muciniphila ( 42 ).…”

Therapeutic Effects of Live Lactobacillus plantarum GKD7 in a Rat Model of Knee Osteoarthritis

“…High IL-1β and TNF-α levels upregulate proteolytic enzymes, such as MMPs and ADAMTS family, which degrade the extracellular matrix [ 9 , 11 ]. Probiotics are well recognized for their anti-inflammatory properties [ 38 , 39 ] and previous research has highlighted the IL-1β and TNF-α cytokines as important targets in probiotic treatment strategies for arthritic diseases [ 19 , 40 ]. In particular, consumption of Lactobacillus spp.…”

Effects of fermentation period and soybean flour supplementation on the glycemic indices and starch digestibility of biofortified provitamin A cassava meal

“…Resistant starch in foods influences a variety of physiological activities and has been linked to a variety of health effects. Some established health benefits include lower energy content, hypocholesterolemic activities, and anti-colorectal cancer protection 33 . Studies on the influence of dietary resistive content on glucose response have yielded inconsistent results.…”