The Potential Role of Gut Microbial-Derived Exosomes in Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: Implications for Treatment

Abstract

The prevalence and incidence of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), a clinically heterogeneous disease whose primary clinical therapies include dietary control and exercise therapy, is increasing worldwide and constitutes a significant medical burden. Gut microbes influence the physiopathological processes of the liver through different mechanisms based on the gut-liver axis. Exosomes are essential carriers of intercellular communication. Most previous studies have focused on adipocyte- and hepatocyte-derived exosomes, while the critical role of microbial-derived exosomes and the molecular mechanisms behind them in MAFLD have received little attention. Therefore, we searched and screened the latest relevant studies in the PubMeb database to elucidate the link between microbial-derived exosomes and the pathogenesis of MAFLD, mainly in terms of insulin resistance, intestinal barrier, inflammatory response, lipid metabolism, and liver fibrosis. The aim was to provide a theoretical framework and support for clinical protocols and innovative drug development.

Multi‐omics analysis of alcohol effects on the liver in young and aged mice

“…Based on our findings, it is important to mention that the liver has tissue specific configuration of enzymes, which can be targeted using proteomics studies since significant differences in enzymes in chronic liver diseases can be profiled 48,49 . Thus, the so called one‐carbon metabolism comprises a series of metabolic pathways, providing 1C units (methyl groups) and is crucial for biological methylation reactions 50 .…”

“…47 Based on our findings, it is important to mention that the liver has tissue specific configuration of enzymes, which can be targeted using proteomics studies since significant differences in enzymes in chronic liver diseases can be profiled. 48,49 Thus, the so called one-carbon metabolism comprises a series of metabolic pathways, providing 1C units (methyl groups) and is crucial for biological methylation reactions. 50 Our study suggests that the monitoring of the one-carbon metabolism in the liver can be a useful strategy to develop a precision medicine for patients with various liver diseases addressing their individual clinical intervention.…”

A bibliometric and visualized analysis of liver fibrosis from 2002 to 2022

“…Through a variety of mechanisms based on the gut–liver axis, gut microorganisms affect the physiopathological functions of the liver. Exosomes are crucial intercellular communication vehicles 28 . The most widely used preclinical assessment method for liver fibrosis is still animal testing 29 .…”

“…Exosomes are crucial intercellular communication vehicles. 28 The most widely used preclinical assessment method for liver fibrosis is still animal testing. 29 Animal models and clinical trials have shown that fibrosis is reversible.…”

Role of the granzyme family in rheumatoid arthritis: Current Insights and future perspectives

“…Given the intracellular, extracellular, and proinflammatory effects of Gzms on RA, Gzms and their physiological inhibitors may be potential therapeutic targets for RA treatment. It is worth noting that extracellular vesicles (EVs), as one of the important communication carriers between cells and host, may also be a potential contact media between the Gzms family and RA ( 152 ). EVs containing granzyme from NK cells and CTLs require Ca2+-dependent signals to release ( 153 ).…”