The Potential Role of Antioxidants in the Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has a worldwide prevalence and is a significant cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Due to its high prevalence and higher rates of ischemic cardiovascular and lower-extremity events, its treatment is essential. Increased levels of oxidative stress cause disease. This review aimed to evaluate different studies of antioxidant treatments for PAD patients. A systematic search for relevant studies was performed on the PubMed, SCOPUS, and ScienceDirect databases, and 18 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In total, 16.6% of the studies used natural antioxidants, and 83.3% used synthetic antioxidants. The reviewed studies show that natural antioxidants were completely effective in treating PAD, and synthetic antioxidants showed effective results in only 53% of the studies. A less-than-optimal pro-oxidant–antioxidant balance does not improve the symptoms of PAD. In conclusion, antioxidants in their natural forms are more effective for PAD patients, and ensuring the optimal pro-oxidant–antioxidant balance is an effective method for managing treatment with antioxidants.

Utilization of the tiwai plant (Eleutherine americana merr) as a functional instant drink containing antioxidant

“…Likewise, healthy people drink tiwai herbal extract added with sugar as much as 10 g each in 150 ml of warm water and 150 ml of tiwai herbal extract. This is in line with (11), which stated that drinks containing tiwai extract decreased blood glucose levels for longer. Based on the results of research that has been done on the comparison treatment of tiwai extract and palm sugar has no significant effect on systolic and diastolic responses.…”

“…Whereas in the research that has been done, this instant tiwai drink product is very good for consumption because it does not interfere with the systolic and diastolic responses of the heart. Antioxidants in their natural forms are more effective for Peripheral arterial disease patients (11). Having a higher body mass index in midlife was associated with the development of hypertension (12).…”

The Effects of Antioxidant Supplementation on the Pathologic Mechanisms of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Development

“…Many phenolic compounds can act as anti-inflammatory agents due to this epigenetic modification [ 124 ]. Furthermore, dietary flavonoids have anti-diabetic effects and appear to be efficient in preventing diabetes [ 125 ]. Resveratrol can also affect the activation of SIRT1, making this antioxidant efficient in improving metabolic disorders.…”

“…Furthermore, the treatment of PAD as a multifactorial condition requires therapies based on the patients’ underlying disease. Therefore, therapies such as anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, anti-hypertensives, anti-diabetic agents, and statins, in addition to the appropriate amount of antioxidants, can be useful [ 125 ]. Therefore, a comprehensive and personalized approach, in which all components of MetS are considered based on their impact, and in which the oxidant–antioxidant balance is considered as the central point, seems to be an appropriate therapeutic approach for MetS and its associated CVDs.…”

The Influence of Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress-Induced Vascular Aging in Obesity

“…This increase in oxidants may be the cause of obesity-related complications, which was referred to as vascular aging in this article. Therefore, the regulation of the oxidant–antioxidant balance can be a key tool for the management of obesity-induced oxidative stress that can lead to vascular aging and related diseases [ 55 ]. Treatment of obese individuals by antioxidants seems a proper step toward this aim.…”