The Potential of Water in Mammalian Tissues

Maffly, Roy H.; Leaf, Alexander

doi:10.1085/jgp.42.6.1257

Cited by 85 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…23 More recent studies using rapid sampling and quick freezing in liquid N 2 confirmed the generally accepted view that tissue is at least nearly iso-osmolar to serum (see table 1 below) except for secreting tissue such as the kidney. 24 Our values of 307 and 319 mOsm/1 in unanesthetized and anesthetized rat whole brain are in the range of values obtained by others in earlier studies. However, earlier data do not enable comparison of the effects of anesthesia on brain osmolality.…”

supporting

confidence: 82%

Rat brain osmolality during barbiturate anesthesia and global brain ischemia.

Bandaranayake¹,

Nemoto²,

Stezoski³

1978

Stroke

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Ischemic brain damage can be partially ameliorated by barbiturate therapy applied postinsult. Catabolism-induced brain hyperosmolality during ischemia may contribute to the development of brain edema after restoration of circulation. To determine changes in brain osmolality during ischemia and the effect of barbiturate anesthetics in altering its course, we measured whole and regional (cerebral cortex, diencephalon-midbrain, and cerebellum) brain osmolality for up to 2 hours after decapitation ischemia in unanesthetized and pentobarbital anesthetized rats. Normal (nonischemic) brain osmolality in pentobarbital anesthetized rats was 319 +/- 2 mOsm/1 (mean +/- SEM) and higher than in unanesthetized rats (307 +/- 6 mOsm/1). The rate of increase in whole brain osmolality was 60% slower in pentobarbital anesthetized rats in the first 60 minutes of ischemia and regional brain osmolality increased by a maximum of 32 mOsm/1 compared to 45 mOsm/1 in unanesthetized rats. The potential for edema based on percent change in brain osmolality as well as the rapidity of the change was greater in unanesthetized rats. The significance of the increase in brain osmolality with barbiturate anesthesia and its attenuation of the rate and magnitude of increase during ischemia is discussed.

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supporting

confidence: 82%

Rat brain osmolality during barbiturate anesthesia and global brain ischemia.

Bandaranayake¹,

Nemoto²,

Stezoski³

1978

Stroke

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“…132, 133, 30 Clinicians measure plasma osmolality, which may not equal interstitial and intracellular tonicity except in the case of red blood cells (Π RBC = Π plasma ). Fortunately in most body tissues, the difference between plasma and interstitial osmolality is minimal.…”

Section: Total Body and Compartmental Tonicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Fluid Dynamics

Bhave

Neilson²

2011

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

146

166

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Pioneering investigations conducted over a half century ago on tonicity, transcapillary fluid exchange, and the distribution of water and solute serve as a foundation for understanding the physiology of body fluid spaces. With passage of time, however, some of these concepts have lost their connectivity to more contemporary information. Here we examine the physical forces determining the compartmentalization of body fluid and its movement across capillary and cell membrane barriers, drawing particular attention to the interstitium operating as a dynamic interface for water and solute distribution rather than as a static reservoir. Newer work now supports an evolving model of body fluid dynamics that integrates exchangeable Na+ stores and transcapillary dynamics with advances in interstitial matrix biology.

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“…long been known that anaerobic metabolic processes may produce a rapid and substantial increase in tissue osmolality (Conway et al, 1955;Maffly and Leaf, 1959).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue osmolality, cell swelling, and reperfusion in acute regional myocardial ischemia in the isolated porcine heart.

Tranum‐Jensen¹,

Janse²,

Fiolet³

et al. 1981

Circulation Research

238

102

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SUMMARY We divised a method to determine tissue osmolality in intact beating hearts. After occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) of isolated porcine hearts, tissue osmolality in the ischemic myocardium increased within 50 minutes by about 40 mOsm/kg. This rise in osmolality could be accounted for by metabolic processes, notably the conversion of glycogen into lactate, and the hydrolysis of high energy phosphates. Concomitant with the rise in osmolality, the ischemic myocardium during the 1-hour period of LAD occlusion took up fluid and increased tistue water volume by an average of 16.5%. We demonstrated that the osmolality of fixatives used for morphological studies markedly influences ischemic cell morphology. Thus, normotonic fixation of the ischemic myocardium accentuates cell swelling, whereas nearly normal cell volumes result from hypertonic fixation, adjusted according to the rise hi ischemic tissue osmolality. Normotonic reperfusion of the ischemic area after 1 hour of LAD occlusion resulted in the "no-refiow" phenomenon in the mldmural and subendocardial regions. Epicardial and intramural DC-electrograms showed persistent ischemic changes, i.e., T-Q depression, S-T elevation, and monophasic potentials. Tissue resistivity, which during ischemia had risen twofold, remained high. Lacate levels remained high, creatinephosphate (CP) and adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) levels remained low. Selective hypertonic reperfusion of the LAD, followed by a gradual return to normotonic perfnsion, resulted in a normalization of DC extracellular elcctrograms, restoration of electrical resistivity to near normal, low levels of lactate, and higher levels of CP and ATP although control values were not reached. Cell morphology was correspondingly normalized following this procedure. We conclude that ischemic cells become hyperosmotic and consequently take up additional fluid when exposed to normotonic blood. This increased cell swelling compresses capillaries, prevents reperfusion, and may be a major factor in causing reperfusion damage. This damage can be prevented to a large extent by selective hypertonic reperfusion. Circ Res 49: 364-381, 1881

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The Potential of Water in Mammalian Tissues

Cited by 85 publications

References 22 publications

Rat brain osmolality during barbiturate anesthesia and global brain ischemia.

Rat brain osmolality during barbiturate anesthesia and global brain ischemia.

Body Fluid Dynamics

Tissue osmolality, cell swelling, and reperfusion in acute regional myocardial ischemia in the isolated porcine heart.

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