The Potential of UV-B Irradiated Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) Powder on Plasma Glucose and TNF-α Levels in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with various non-specific chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. 1 This health condition is a predisposition to insulin resistance as well as pancreatic β-cell damage, contributing to the growth of diabetes mellitus due to the importance of vitamin D pancreatic β-cells role, insulin sensitivity, and secretion. The vitamin D receptor directly activates insulin gene transcription, leading to increased insulin secretion and stimulating receptor expression, thereby improving insulin sensitivity. Indirectly, this vitamin also acts as a modulator of pancreatic β-cells to secrete an adequate amount of insulin. 2 Hyperglycemia in diabetic patients causes an increase in the production of ROS, which can cause oxidative tension. 3,4 The elevated production of ROS can lead to an increase in the term of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), inducing oxidative stress and potentially causing life-threatening complications. 5 Hyperglycemia or high blood glucose levels result in inflammation, triggering a non-specific immune response that activates macrophages to release the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα. High levels of TNF-α also contribute to insulin resistance, causing endothelial dysfunction and complications in type two diabetes mellitus patients. 6