The potential of using cocoa pod husks as green solid base catalysts for the transesterification of soybean oil into biodiesel: Effects of biodiesel on engine performance

Ofori-Boateng, Cynthia; Lee, Keat Teong

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2013.01.046

Cited by 90 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…However, the deployment of low‐cost and sustainable waste biomass materials has been suggested as one strategy to address this problem and to enhance production and affordability 14, 15 . Edible oils, otherwise referred to as conventional feedstock, have been widely studied by several researchers as potential feedstocks of choice for biodiesel production 16–18 . However, the drawback is the ‘food versus energy rivalry’ when juxtaposed with food sources and so this remains a great global challenge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is abundantly available waste everywhere: domestically, in municipalities, in industry, and the natural environment, and many more sources are yet to be discovered. The most studied wastes include banana peels, 39 coco‐pod husk, 14, 17 plantain peels, 40, 41 oil palm trunk, coconut husk, 42 coconut shell, 43 sugarcane bagasse, wood ash, 44 Lemna perpusilla Torrey, 45 rubber seed shell, 46 palm kernel shell, 47 banana peduncle, 48 Enterolobium cyclocarpum pod husk, 49 kola nut pod husk, 50 and tucuma peels 51 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of biogenic waste‐derived heterogeneous catalysts and feedstock hybridization techniques in biodiesel production

Etim

Musonge

Eloka‐Eboka

2020

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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Biodiesel has the potential to contribute significantly to the elimination of the present global energy and climate change logjam, but its production and commercialization have been hindered by the diverse nature of the feedstocks used for production. This paper reviews the effectiveness of applying various types of crop and animal waste-derived catalysts together with innovative feedstock hybridization as an economically viable technique for biodiesel production. Feedstock challenges, availability, and sustainability for large-scale applications are addressed with a view to bridging the existing gaps. Challenges in the use of edible oils and algae oil sources and development remain, but the technique of feedstock hybridization appears to be very promising, innovative, and cost-effective for biodiesel production. The present state of biodiesel production could be improved by the application of simple and cost-effective technologies in the feedstock system. High free fatty acid (FFA) content is the major hurdle to the use of most oils, especially low-grade/advanced oil feedstocks, in biodiesel production. This could be addressed through technological application of feedstock hybrids and biogenic waste-derived heterogenous catalysts, and their biochemical modifications. Conventional technology for the large-scale application of inorganically derived catalysts in biodiesel production with various characteristic differences is presented. Heterogenous catalysts derived from biogenic wastes and their modification could be used to overcome associated problems with the use of inorganic catalysts in biodiesel production. Biogenic waste-derived heterogenous catalysts are renewable, available, eco-friendly, and cost-effective. Technological applications of heterogeneous catalysts derived from biogenic waste are outlined and reviewed, considering various materials and different modification techniques to identify appropriate options for scaling up development. This review also discusses fundamental considerations for the Review

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of biogenic waste‐derived heterogeneous catalysts and feedstock hybridization techniques in biodiesel production

Etim

Musonge

Eloka‐Eboka

2020

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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“…Cocoa pod husks form about 70% of the cocoa fruit; the husks are generated after opening the pod for removing the cocoa beans (Ofori-Boateng & Teong-Lee, 2013). Commonly, these wastes are unexploited and considered as a disposal problem.…”

Section: Introduction 1234mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of particle size and addition of cocoa pod husk on the properties of sawdust and coal pellets

Núñez¹,

Jochum²,

Sierra³

2015

ing.inv.

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The continuous increase of the world energy demand, the rise of fossil fuels costs, and the strong environmental policies around the globe are some of the reasons for the wood pellets industry increase. However, there are some other available biomass feedstocks capable of being densified for energy production. Among the various options, the use of mixed biomass pellets is becoming remarkable due to the wide variety of species, although more research is needed in order to enhance the mechanical properties of these pellets. This study aims to identify the effect of particle size on the mechanical properties of sawdust and coal pellets when cocoa pod husks are used as an additive. Cocoa pod husks have a similar composition to sawdust and less sulfur and nitrogen than coal. Thus, the use of this additive might decrease the environmental impact during coal pellets combustion. Results show an attractive potential of cocoa pod husks grinds for pellet production, an increase of the durability of coal pellets mixed with this raw material, and similar performance between cocoa pod husks and sawdust pellets. The compression ratio, the compressive and impact resistance varied linearly with the addition of cocoa pod husks.Keywords: Biomass, coal, cocoa pod husks, densification, pellets, sawdust. RESUMENEl incremento en la demanda de energía a nivel mundial, el alza en los precios de combustibles fósiles y las fuertes políticas ambientales son algunas de las razones del crecimiento de la industria de los pellets de madera. Sin embargo, existen otras materias primas disponibles que pueden ser densificadas para la producción de energía. Dadas las diferentes opciones, el uso de pellets mixtos de biomasa se ha convertido en una opción favorable, a pesar de que es necesaria una mayor investigación con el fin de mejorar las propiedades mecánicas de los pellets. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar el efecto del tamaño de partícula sobre las propiedades mecánicas de los pellets de aserrín y carbón cuando la cáscara de cacao se usa como aditivo. Las cascaras de caco tienen una composición similar al aserrín y menos contenido de azufre y nitrógeno que el carbón. Por lo tanto el uso de este aditivo puede disminuir el impacto ambiental durante la combustión de pellets de carbón. Los resultados muestran un potencial atractivo para la producción de pellets con cacao molido, un incremento de la durabilidad de los pellets de carbón mezclados con esta materia prima y un rendimiento similar entre los pellets de cacao y aserrín. La relación de compresión, la resistencia a la compresión y al impacto variaron linealmente con la adición de cáscara de cacao.

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“…In a study by Ofori-Boateng and Lee [51] reported that, potash as the potential catalyst for biodiesel production. In potash or potassium carbonate (K2CO3) or potassium chloride (KCl) a byproduct of biomass combustion.…”

Section: Biomass Ashesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biomass ashes have potential as a good catalyst including cocoa pod husk ash [51], coconut husk ash [49] and empty palm bunch ash [64].…”

Section: Activated Carbon Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancement in the Utilization of Nanocatalyst for Transesterification of Triglycerides

Kumar¹,

Sharma²,

Srivastava³

et al. 2018

JNST

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The potential of using cocoa pod husks as green solid base catalysts for the transesterification of soybean oil into biodiesel: Effects of biodiesel on engine performance

Cited by 90 publications

References 14 publications

Effectiveness of biogenic waste‐derived heterogeneous catalysts and feedstock hybridization techniques in biodiesel production

Effectiveness of biogenic waste‐derived heterogeneous catalysts and feedstock hybridization techniques in biodiesel production

Effect of particle size and addition of cocoa pod husk on the properties of sawdust and coal pellets

Advancement in the Utilization of Nanocatalyst for Transesterification of Triglycerides

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