The potential of unsaturated polyesters in biomedicine and tissue engineering: Synthesis, structure-properties relationships and additive manufacturing

Abstract

The success of Tissue Engineering (TE) based approaches is strongly dependent on the development of novel biomaterials for the design of 3D matrices with tailored biomechanical properties to promote the regeneration of human tissues and organs. This review covers the critical aspects related with the preparation of new unsaturated polyester (UP) resin formulations with suitable biological, chemical, thermal and morphological properties for the additive manufacturing (AM) of TE constructs. In this context, the basic principles of available AM technologies, with a special focus on novel stereolithography processes such as microstereolithography (micro-SLA), stereothermal-lithography (STLA), two-photon polymerization (TPP) and nanostereolithography (nano-SLA), are also presented and discussed. Ultimately, the present review will provide a better insight into the limitations and potential of combining UP and AM towards the rationale design/fabrication of complex artificial tissue substitutes.

Photo-curable resins based on poly(globalide) for 3D printing of resorbable scaffolds: synthesis, crosslinking and post-functionalization

“…After the crosslinking process, polymer chains relax and rearrange into a more thermodynamically stable configuration, which leads to a reduction in the network free volume upon solvent evaporation. 66 In the X – Y dimensions, reductions ranging from 15–20% of the original part size were observed, while along the z -axis, the reduction remained around 15% (Fig. 7C).…”

Photo-curable resins based on poly(globalide) for 3D printing of resorbable scaffolds: synthesis, crosslinking and post-functionalization

“…After the crosslinking process, polymer chains relax and rearrange into a more thermodynamically stable configuration, which leads to a reduction in the network free volume upon solvent evaporation. 66 In the X – Y dimensions, reductions ranging from 15–20% of the original part size were observed, while along the z -axis, the reduction remained around 15% (Fig. 7C).…”

Solvent-Free and Catalyst-Free Synthesis of Cross-Linkable Polyfumaramides via Topochemical Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Polymerization

“…Thus, the irradiated product contains cis-olefinic linkages, trans-olefinic linkages, and cyclobutane linkages. Cross-linked polymers are very interesting compounds having a multitude of applications . The simple synthesis of the cross-linked polymer reported here would be of great interest.…”

High Molecular Weight Unsaturated Copolyesters Derived from Fully Biobased trans-β-Hydromuconic Acid and Fumaric Acid with 1,4-Butanediol: Synthesis and Thermomechanical Properties

“…Unsaturated polyesters are of interest as the carbon−carbon double bonds could serve as sites for future chemistry. 4 Therefore, these PBHBF unsaturated polyesters are a remarkable platform due to the ability to contain a mass of unsaturated bonds in the backbone. In addition, PBHBF allows for control over the ratio of conjugated/isolated double bonds in the backbone by altering the ratio of FA/HA in the feed molar ratio of diacids.…”

“…Unsaturated polyesters are of interest as the carbon–carbon double bonds could serve as sites for future chemistry . Therefore, these PBHBF unsaturated polyesters are a remarkable platform due to the ability to contain a mass of unsaturated bonds in the backbone.…”

Photo-curable resins based on poly(globalide) for 3D printing of resorbable scaffolds: synthesis, crosslinking and post-functionalization

“…After the crosslinking process, polymer chains relax and rearrange into a more thermodynamically stable configuration, which leads to a reduction in the network free volume upon solvent evaporation. 66 In the X – Y dimensions, reductions ranging from 15–20% of the original part size were observed, while along the z -axis, the reduction remained around 15% (Fig. 7C).…”

Solvent-Free and Catalyst-Free Synthesis of Cross-Linkable Polyfumaramides via Topochemical Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Polymerization

“…Thus, the irradiated product contains cis-olefinic linkages, trans-olefinic linkages, and cyclobutane linkages. Cross-linked polymers are very interesting compounds having a multitude of applications . The simple synthesis of the cross-linked polymer reported here would be of great interest.…”

High Molecular Weight Unsaturated Copolyesters Derived from Fully Biobased trans-β-Hydromuconic Acid and Fumaric Acid with 1,4-Butanediol: Synthesis and Thermomechanical Properties

“…Unsaturated polyesters are of interest as the carbon−carbon double bonds could serve as sites for future chemistry. 4 Therefore, these PBHBF unsaturated polyesters are a remarkable platform due to the ability to contain a mass of unsaturated bonds in the backbone. In addition, PBHBF allows for control over the ratio of conjugated/isolated double bonds in the backbone by altering the ratio of FA/HA in the feed molar ratio of diacids.…”

“…Unsaturated polyesters are of interest as the carbon–carbon double bonds could serve as sites for future chemistry . Therefore, these PBHBF unsaturated polyesters are a remarkable platform due to the ability to contain a mass of unsaturated bonds in the backbone.…”

Photo-curable resins based on poly(globalide) for 3D printing of resorbable scaffolds: synthesis, crosslinking and post-functionalization

“…After the crosslinking process, polymer chains relax and rearrange into a more thermodynamically stable configuration, which leads to a reduction in the network free volume upon solvent evaporation. 66 In the X – Y dimensions, reductions ranging from 15–20% of the original part size were observed, while along the z -axis, the reduction remained around 15% (Fig. 7C).…”

Solvent-Free and Catalyst-Free Synthesis of Cross-Linkable Polyfumaramides via Topochemical Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Polymerization

“…Thus, the irradiated product contains cis-olefinic linkages, trans-olefinic linkages, and cyclobutane linkages. Cross-linked polymers are very interesting compounds having a multitude of applications . The simple synthesis of the cross-linked polymer reported here would be of great interest.…”

High Molecular Weight Unsaturated Copolyesters Derived from Fully Biobased trans-β-Hydromuconic Acid and Fumaric Acid with 1,4-Butanediol: Synthesis and Thermomechanical Properties

“…Unsaturated polyesters are of interest as the carbon−carbon double bonds could serve as sites for future chemistry. 4 Therefore, these PBHBF unsaturated polyesters are a remarkable platform due to the ability to contain a mass of unsaturated bonds in the backbone. In addition, PBHBF allows for control over the ratio of conjugated/isolated double bonds in the backbone by altering the ratio of FA/HA in the feed molar ratio of diacids.…”

“…Unsaturated polyesters are of interest as the carbon–carbon double bonds could serve as sites for future chemistry . Therefore, these PBHBF unsaturated polyesters are a remarkable platform due to the ability to contain a mass of unsaturated bonds in the backbone.…”