The Potential of Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol as Biomaterial for Bone Tissue Engineering

Hassan, Mohamed H.; Omar, Abdalla M.; Daskalakis, Evangelos; Hou, Yanhao; Huang, Boyang; Strashnov, I.; Grieve, Bruce; Bartolo, Paulo Jorge Da Silva

doi:10.3390/polym12123045

Cited by 43 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) is a naturally transparent, glycol-modified form of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the most widely produced polymer in the world. This thermoformable thermoplastic shares many of the properties of PET [27,28] and is widely used in a broad range of applications [29][30][31]. Due to its mechanical and thermal properties, it is used in 3D printing, gaining a sizable market and becoming the third most used polymer in this field, behind ABS (acetyl-butadiene-styrene) and PLA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Polymer 3D Printed Parts

et al. 2021

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Parts made from thermoplastic polymers fabricated through 3D printing have reduced mechanical properties compared to those fabricated through injection molding. This paper analyzes a post-processing heat treatment aimed at enhancing mechanical properties of 3D printed parts, in order to reduce the difference mentioned above and thus increase their applicability in functional applications. Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) polymer is used to 3D print test parts with 100% infill. After printing, samples are packed in sodium chloride powder and then heat treated at a temperature of 220 °C for 5 to 15 min. During heat treatment, the powder acts as support, preventing deformation of the parts. Results of destructive testing experiments show a significant increase in tensile and compressive strength following heat treatment. Treated parts 3D printed in vertical orientation, usually the weakest, display 143% higher tensile strength compared to a control group, surpassing the tensile strength of untreated parts printed in horizontal orientation—usually the strongest. Furthermore, compressive strength increases by 50% following heat treatment compared to control group. SEM analysis reveals improved internal structure after heat treatment. These results show that the investigated heat treatment increases mechanical characteristics of 3D printed PETG parts, without the downside of severe part deformation, thus reducing the performance gap between 3D printing and injection molding when using common polymers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Polymer 3D Printed Parts

et al. 2021

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“…Here we introduce a simple FDM-based 3D printing technology for the fabrication of micropatterned microfluidic devices (3D-PMMD) made of biocompatible clear PETG polymer for the growing and expansion of skeletal muscles cells. The PETG polymer is widely used in the biomedical field as a biocompatible substance that has no toxicity concerns during cell culturing [ 29 ]. Moreover, with the employment of the clear PETG, we could achieve a fair degree of clarity and light permeability, thus enabling the visual observation of cells during the culturing process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is difficult to utilize entirely 3D printed devices made with the photo lithography-based 3D printer due to the utilization of toxic resins as well as the employment of organic solvent in the process of cleaning which can be problematic for cell culturing [ 26 ]. In contrast, fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based 3D printer counts on the use of filaments made of biocompatible polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) that are commonly used in medical equipment [ 27 , 28 , 29 ]. This printing technology has already been employed in the fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds of the human bone, heart, and skin using biocompatible polymers [ 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of Biomimetic Aligned Skeletal Muscles in a Fully 3D Printed Microfluidic Device

2021

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Human skeletal muscles are characterized by a unique aligned microstructure of myotubes which is important for their function as well as for their homeostasis. Thus, the recapitulation of the aligned microstructure of skeletal muscles is crucial for the construction of an advanced biomimetic model aimed at drug development applications. Here, we have developed a 3D printed micropatterned microfluid device (3D-PMMD) through the employment of a fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based 3D printer and clear filaments made of biocompatible polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG). We could fabricate micropatterns through the adjustment of the printing deposition heights of PETG filaments, leading to the generation of aligned half-cylinder-shaped micropatterns in a dimension range from 100 µm to 400 µm in width and from 60 µm to 150 µm in height, respectively. Moreover, we could grow and expand C2C12 mouse myoblast cells on 3D-PMMD where cells could differentiate into aligned bundles of myotubes with respect to the dimension of each micropattern. Furthermore, our platform was applicable with the electrical pulses stimulus (EPS) modality where we noticed an improvement in myotubes maturation under the EPS conditions, indicating the potential use of the 3D-PMMD for biological experiments as well as for myogenic drug development applications in the future.

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“…Tests were conducted using the INSTRON 3344 system (Instron, High Wycombe, UK). The scaffolds were compressed with the use of a 2 kN load cell and a 0.5 mm/min displacement rate, according to the ASTM D695-15 standards [ 58 , 59 ]. The dimensions of the bone bricks were 31 mm × 26.7 mm × 10 mm (length × width × height) and tests were repeated four times.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel 3D Bioglass Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration

et al. 2022

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The design of scaffolds with optimal biomechanical properties for load-bearing applications is an important topic of research. Most studies have addressed this problem by focusing on the material composition and not on the coupled effect between the material composition and the scaffold architecture. Polymer–bioglass scaffolds have been investigated due to the excellent bioactivity properties of bioglass, which release ions that activate osteogenesis. However, material preparation methods usually require the use of organic solvents that induce surface modifications on the bioglass particles, compromising the adhesion with the polymeric material thus compromising mechanical properties. In this paper, we used a simple melt blending approach to produce polycaprolactone/bioglass pellets to construct scaffolds with pore size gradient. The results show that the addition of bioglass particles improved the mechanical properties of the scaffolds and, due to the selected architecture, all scaffolds presented mechanical properties in the cortical bone region. Moreover, the addition of bioglass indicated a positive long-term effect on the biological performance of the scaffolds. The pore size gradient also induced a cell spreading gradient.

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The Potential of Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol as Biomaterial for Bone Tissue Engineering

Cited by 43 publications

References 43 publications

Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Polymer 3D Printed Parts

Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Polymer 3D Printed Parts

The Development of Biomimetic Aligned Skeletal Muscles in a Fully 3D Printed Microfluidic Device

Novel 3D Bioglass Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration

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