The Potential of Oral Fluid in 1Drug Monitoring: An Update

Gallardo, Eugénia; Rosado, Tiago; Barroso, Mário

doi:10.4155/bio-2023-0122

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…It provides a reflection of the free, unbound drug concentration in the body, making it a valuable indicator for assessing recent drug use. Additionally, oral fluid is useful in evaluating impairment associated with drug presence, offering a convenient and practical method for monitoring drug-related effects [ 56 , 57 ].…”

Section: Monitoring Opioidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Establishing a correlation between plasma (or blood) concentrations and oral fluid concentrations of specific drugs or substances is possible, but the relationship may not be direct and can vary based on the drug’s properties, such as its ability to diffuse from blood into oral fluid. The testing of this specimen offers a non-invasive alternative for monitoring drug levels, particularly in situations where obtaining blood samples is challenging [ 55 , 57 ].…”

Section: Monitoring Opioidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opioid Monitoring in Clinical Settings: Strategies and Implications of Tailored Approaches for Therapy

Rosendo,

Rosado,

Zandonai

et al. 2024

IJMS

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This review emphasises the importance of opioid monitoring in clinical practice and advocates for a personalised approach based on pharmacogenetics. Beyond effectively managing pain, meticulous oversight is required to address concerns about side effects, specially due to opioid-crisis-related abuse and dependence. Various monitoring techniques, along with pharmacogenetic considerations, are critical for personalising treatment and optimising pain relief while reducing misuse and addiction risks. Future perspectives reveal both opportunities and challenges, with advances in analytical technologies holding promise for increasing monitoring efficiency. The integration of pharmacogenetics has the potential to transform pain management by allowing for a precise prediction of drug responses. Nevertheless, challenges such as prominent pharmacogenetic testing and guideline standardisation persist. Collaborative efforts are critical for transforming scientific advances into tangible improvements in patient care. Standardised protocols and interdisciplinary collaboration are required to ensure consistent and evidence-based opioid monitoring. Future research should look into the long-term effects of opioid therapy, as well as the impact of genetic factors on individual responses, to help guide personalised treatment plans and reduce adverse events. Lastly, embracing innovation and collaboration can improve the standard of care in chronic pain management by striking a balance between pain relief and patient safety.

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Section: Monitoring Opioidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Monitoring Opioidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opioid Monitoring in Clinical Settings: Strategies and Implications of Tailored Approaches for Therapy

Rosendo,

Rosado,

Zandonai

et al. 2024

IJMS

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Quantification of antidepressants in oral fluid and plasma samples using microextraction by packed sorbent and analysis by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Soares,

Rosado,

Barroso

et al. 2024

Microchemical Journal

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Qualitative and quantitative determination of xylazine in oral fluid

Levitas,

Thomas,

Widman

et al. 2024

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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Xylazine has emerged in recent years as a dangerous adulterant in illicit fentanyl use, and methods for the detection of xylazine in toxicology panels are still lagging. We developed methods for the screening and quantitation of xylazine in oral fluid (OF), a popular testing medium due to its ease of collection and reflection of presence in blood for many classes of drugs. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were employed for the rapid screening of xylazine directly from the collection device buffer with a cutoff of 1 ng/mL. Solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry facilitated the confirmation and quantification of xylazine as low as 0.1 ng/mL and a dynamic range of 0.1–25 ng/mL. Selectivity, ionization suppression, processed sample stability, and dilution effect were also assessed. The method was validated through the American National Standards Institute/American Academy of Forensic Sciences Standards Board (ANSI/ASB) Standard 036, first edition from 2019, and found to be accurate, precise, and robust. Living human subject OF samples collected within substance use disorder and therapeutic drug monitoring clinics received between September 2023 and January 2024, with the specific request to test for xylazine (n = 57), were screened. Presumptive positive samples were confirmed using the validated method. Xylazine confirmed living human subject OF sample concentrations ranged from 1.2 to 23.3 ng/mL.

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The Potential of Oral Fluid in 1Drug Monitoring: An Update

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

Opioid Monitoring in Clinical Settings: Strategies and Implications of Tailored Approaches for Therapy

Opioid Monitoring in Clinical Settings: Strategies and Implications of Tailored Approaches for Therapy

Quantification of antidepressants in oral fluid and plasma samples using microextraction by packed sorbent and analysis by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Qualitative and quantitative determination of xylazine in oral fluid

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