The potential of liquid smoke as an oral ulcer remedies: A proposed mechanism based on systematic review

Abstract

Context: The standard management of oral ulcer therapy is focused only on symptomatic therapy, such as reducing pain. To date, there is no topical drug that has the pharmacodynamics to intervene in oral ulcer pathogenicity. Liquid smoke is traditionally used as a safe natural preservative. The liquid smoke is highly phenolic and compound rich. It is presumed to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects with potentially promising therapeutic effects on oral ulcers. Aims: To describe the possible pharmacodynamics or action mechanism of liquid smoke as a promising remedy for oral ulcer therapy. Methods: A comprehensive literature review on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Embase was performed using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The keywords used included ‘liquid smoke’, ‘wood vinegar’, ‘liquid pyrolysis’ and ‘oral ulcer’. A screening process, including titles, abstracts and full texts, was performed. Eight related articles were selected to describe the possible pharmacodynamics or mechanism action of the liquid smoke originating from coconut shells and rice hulls for oral ulcer remedies. Results: Liquid smoke from coconut shell and rice husk is highly contained phenol, guaiacol and 2-methoxy-5-methylphenol (2-EMP). These compounds are antioxidants that can bind reactive oxygen species and increase cellular responses, inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production while increasing macrophage differentiation to M2. The increase of M2, with help from lymphocytes, can secrete various growth factors, which can accelerate the proliferation of fibroblasts and collagens needed in the healing process of oral ulcers. Conclusions: Liquid smoke pharmacodynamics inhibit both inflammatory and proliferation pathway stimulation, which promises remedies for oral ulcers.

Nanoparticle‐Based Rice Husk Liquid Smoke as Periodontitis Therapy through OPG, RANK, and RANKL Expression

“…This liquid smoke predominantly contains compounds such as guaiacol and phenols [ 28 , 29 ], which are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Specifically, guaiacol and phenols can inhibit COX-2, contributing to the overall mitigation of inflammation [ 30 , 31 ]. Furthermore, guaiacol, present in n-RHLS, possesses the ability to reduce oxidative stress, regulate inflammatory mediators, and stimulate osteoclast differentiation and activation by modulating the production of key signalling proteins, such as OPG, RANK, and RANKL [ 32 , 33 ].…”

In Silico Study of Liquid Smoke Rice Husk against COVID-19

“…Both components are predicted to have the ability to inhibit COVID-19 but there are no clinical trials that prove this. The potential of rice husk liquid smoke to treat various pathological conditions has been investigated including periodontitis, 12 oral ulcer, 13 14 15 16 diabetes, 17 18 and burn. 19 However, these studies have only been performed on experimental animals and have not been performed in clinical trials or in humans.…”

“…4 Several ingredients in Indonesia that can be used to produce liquid smoke include rice husks, 5 coconut shells, 6 7 durian, 8 lamtoro, corn comb, 9 bamboo, 10 and cocoa bean skin. 11 Of these various types of materials, rice husks have been shown to have the potential to treat various diseases, including periodontitis, 12 oral ulcer, 13 14 15 16 diabetes, 17 18 and burn. 19 The liquid smoke rice hull contains phenol, 2-methoxy-phenol, mequinol, 6-octadecenoic acid, oleic acid, and 9-octadecenoic acid 5 that possess the analgesic, 20 anti-inflammation, 14 antibacterial, 12 21 and lower toxicity.…”

The Cytokine and Bone Protein Expression by Ellagic Acid-Hydroxyapatite in Bone Remodelling Model

“…Uncontrolled TNF-α expression, due to prolonged infammation, stimulates osteoclast diferentiation, destroys the extracellular matrix, and results in bone resorption [26]. Tis indicates that ellagic acid reduces TNF-α expression by suppressing the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway [27][28][29][30].…”