This paper presents a survey of applications of design optimization to helicopter problems carried out in the last decade. Helicopter optimization has not yet reached the same maturity as structural optimization, and some potential reasons are discussed first. Next, published optimization studies are reviewed, divided into sensitivity analysis studies, applications to rotor dynamics and aeroelasticity, applications to other helicopter problems, emerging technologies such as genetic algorithms and simulated annealing, and studies with experimental verification. The usefulness of design optimization for helicopter applications will increase with the availability of improved analyses, more efficient algorithms especially for sensitivity calculations, and further experimental verifications. The formulation of representative optimization test problem, including experimental verification, is also recommended.