The potential of fluorescent dyes—comparative study of Nile red and three derivatives for the detection of microplastics

Sturm, M.; Horn, Harald; Schuhen, Katrin

doi:10.1007/s00216-020-03066-w

Cited by 60 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In most cases, Nile Red, able to bind to different polymers leading to colors from yellow to red depending on the plastic’s hydrophilicity, has been exploited as a fluorescent probe for the visual inspection and categorization of different MP [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Nile Red derivatives [ 25 , 26 ] have been presented as possible candidates able to improve the water solubility and selectivity of Nile Red [ 27 ]. Nevertheless, there are very few examples of other fluorescent probes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Selective Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for No-Wash Detection of PVC Microplastic

et al. 2021

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Microplastics (MP) are micrometric plastic particles present in drinking water, food and the environment that constitute an emerging pollutant and pose a menace to human health. Novel methods for the fast detection of these new contaminants are needed. Fluorescence-based detection exploits the use of specific probes to label the MP particles. This method can be environmentally friendly, low-cost, easily scalable but also very sensitive and specific. Here, we present the synthesis and application of a new probe based on perylene-diimide (PDI), which can be prepared in a few minutes by a one-pot reaction using a conventional microwave oven and can be used for the direct detection of MP in water without any further treatment of the sample. The green fluorescence is strongly quenched in water at neutral pH because of the formation dimers. The ability of the probe to label MP was tested for polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The probe showed considerable selectivity to PVC MP, which presented an intense red emission after staining. Interestingly, the fluorescence of the MP after labeling could be detected, under excitation with a blue diode, with a conventional CMOS color camera. Good selectivity was achieved analyzing the red to green fluorescence intensity ratio. UV–Vis absorption, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescence wide-field and confocal laser scanning microscopy allowed elucidating the mechanism of the staining in detail.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Selective Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for No-Wash Detection of PVC Microplastic

et al. 2021

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“…For the detection of PA particles, the fluorescent dye Nile Red (Carl Roth) was chosen, which can be used to selectively stain polymers [35,36]. The polymer-specific fluorescence facilitates the differentiation between microplastic particles and organic as well as inorganic substances.…”

Section: Detection Of Microplastics In Chaoborus Spmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake and Transfer of Polyamide Microplastics in a Freshwater Mesocosm Study

Michler-Kozma

Kruckenfellner²,

Heitkamp

et al. 2022

Water

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Steadily increasing inputs of microplastics pose a growing threat to aquatic fauna, but laboratory studies potentially lack realism to properly investigate its effects on populations and ecosystems. Our study investigates the trophic and ontogenetic transfer of microplastics in a near-natural exposure scenario. The controlled outdoor freshwater mesocosms were exposed to polyamide (PA) 5–50 µm in size in concentrations of 15 and 150 mg L−1 and a control without microplastic addition. To verify the uptake of particles via the food chain, larvae and imagines of the midges Chaoborus crystallinus and C. obscuripes were examined, which feed on zooplankton during their larval stage. Larvae were captured after 117 days and imagines were caught in emergence traps that were emptied weekly. To detect the microparticles within the organisms, 200 larvae and 100 imagines per application were macerated and treated with fluorescent dye before investigation under a fluorescent microscope. We could detect up to 12 PA particles per individual larvae, while nearly no plastic was found in the imagines. This shows that, while Chaoborus sp. takes up microplastics via predation, most of the pollutant is egested through regurgitation and remains in the water, where it can further accumulate and potentially harm other organisms.

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“…Powder of PENPs was loaded on glass slides and stained with a few drops of 1 mg/ml Nile red dye in acetone. Slides were kept in the dark box for 20 mins before fluorescence microscope examination (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany) using epifluorescence mode ( 40 objective lens) with Alexa Fluor 660 filter for red fluorescence color (with excitation at bandpass (BP) 600±50 nm; emission BP 685±50 nm) (Sturm et al, 2021).…”

Section: Characterization Of Pe-npsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Effects of Polyethylene Nanoparticles on Normal Monkey Kidney Vero E6 Cell Line

Hussien

Malki

Mohammadein

et al. 2022

IJAR

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Background: Nanoplastics (NPs) become one of the most threatening substances for living organisms in the aquatic and terrestrial environments. Due to their small size and high surface area, few studies have revealed their toxic impact on mainly marine organisms. However, there is scarcity on NPs impact on mammalian cells. Methods: We used 200-900 nm polyethylene nanoparticles (PE-NPs) to evaluate their cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on mammalian Vero E6 cell line using MTT and Comet assays. Result: Characterization of the selected PE-NPs confirmed their nano spherical shape, size and their low-density type. Serial dilution of PE-NPs decreases cell viability with 50% inhibition concentration (IC 50 ) 91 μg/mL (at 24 h sampling time), 26 μg/mL (48 h) and 22 μg/mL (72h) and an average IC 50 = 46 μg/mL. Treatment of Vero E6 cells with the average IC 50 significantly affects the genomic integrity by decrease of % DNA in head, increase of % DNA in tail, tail length (μm) and tail moment, in a time-dependent manner. Therefore, PE-NPs of the low-density type, that is widely used in different products including coatings and films, have cytotoxic and genotoxic effect on mammalian cells. NPs deserves more attention and further studies are needed to focus on their molecular mechanisms in vitro.

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The potential of fluorescent dyes—comparative study of Nile red and three derivatives for the detection of microplastics

Cited by 60 publications

References 49 publications

A Selective Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for No-Wash Detection of PVC Microplastic

A Selective Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for No-Wash Detection of PVC Microplastic

Uptake and Transfer of Polyamide Microplastics in a Freshwater Mesocosm Study

Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Effects of Polyethylene Nanoparticles on Normal Monkey Kidney Vero E6 Cell Line

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