The potential of aqueous extracts of Bellucia dichotoma Cogn. (Melastomataceae) to inhibit the biological activities of Bothrops atrox venom: A comparison of specimens collected in the states of Pará and Amazonas, Brazil

Abstract

Although the concentrations of phenolics in each extract were different, the anti-snakebite potential was similar for the concentrations of extract tested. Our findings are of importance for the quality control of this raw material, which, once tested in accordance with Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency recommendations, may be suitable for use as a phytomedicine to complement treatment of the local effects induced by Bothrops venoms.

Fruit Bagasse Phytochemicals from Malpighia Emarginata Rich in Enzymatic Inhibitor with Modulatory Action on Hemostatic Processes

“…Therefore, these enzymes can act as essential mediators of intracellular and intercellular signaling, hydrolyzing phospholipids and generating bioactive lipid mediators or messengers that control multiple cell functions and regulate a physiological and pathophysiological processes (Cechetti, Spadaro, Gessani, Podo, & Fantuzzi, ; Masud et al., ; Ramanadtham et al., ). Several plant extracts have been described with inhibitory activity on phospholipases A 2 and being efficient in inhibiting or preventing inflammatory processes, aiding in the management of inflammatory diseases (Kishore et al., ; Kuganesan et al., ; Moura et al., ; Silva et al., ). This inhibitory activity was attributed to phenolic compounds, such as gallic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, propyl gallate, and epigallocatechin gallate, which showed to be effective in inhibiting the enzymatic and myotoxic activities induced by phospholipases A 2 (Guimarães et al., ; Pereanez, Nunez, Patino, Londono, & Quintana, ).…”

The Search for Natural and Synthetic Inhibitors That Would Complement Antivenoms as Therapeutics for Snakebite Envenoming

“…Plants have been used for centuries in traditional medicine for treating snakebite envenoming all over the world and constitute a rich source of secondary metabolites that could inhibit venoms and toxins. There is abundant literature on plant-derived extracts or compounds isolated from species from all continents, with the capacity to inhibit specific toxic venom activities [ 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 ]. Most studies have been performed using crude plant extracts, while fewer publications described the isolation, structural characterization, and inhibitory potential of purified compounds.…”

“…Variable results have been obtained when using these different protocols and, generally, efficacy is reduced when extracts or isolated compounds are administered after envenoming [ 126 , 127 , 128 ]. In some cases, a different protocol has been used based on the administration of the extract before envenoming, simulating a situation in which people ingest the extract prior to going into settings at risk of snakebites [ 125 , 129 ]. Several secondary metabolites with inhibitory activities against venoms or toxins have been identified, including flavonoids, coumestans, phenolic compounds, pterocarpans, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins, among others [ 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 ].…”

Anti-Snake Venom Property of Medicinal Plants: A Comprehensive Review of Literature

“…Aristolochia sp Aristolochic acid (Makhija, Khamar, 2010) Azadirachta indica Aiplai (a. Indica pla2 inhibitor) (Mukherjee, Doley, Saikia, 2008) Bellucia dichotoma Condensed tannins (de Moura et al,2017) Betula alba Betulin and betulin acid (Bernard et al, 2001) Bridelia ndellensi Quinovic acid glycosides (Mostafa et al, 2006) Camellia sinensis Theaflavin and Epigallocatechin (Pithayanukul, Leanpolchareanchai, Bavovada, 2010;Rosa et al, 2010) Canavalia ensiformis Concanavalin a (con-a) (Dhananjaya, D'souza, 2010) Cardiospermum halicacabum Berberine (Sebastin et al, 2013) Casearia sylvestris Ellagic acid from (Gupta, Peshin, 2012) Cordia verbenacea Edunol brongniartia podalyrloides anti-lethal activity rosmarinic acid (Soares et al, 2014;Ticli et al, 2005) Cyclea peltata Stigmasterol, phytosterol (Sivaraman et al,2017) Eclipta prostrata Wedelolactone (Marcussi et al, 2007) Harpalyce brasiliana, Edunol, a pterocarpan (da Silva et al, 2004;Samy, Gopalakrishnakone, Chow, 2012) Jatropha gossypiifolia Flavonoids (Felix-Silva et al,2017) Kalanchoe pinnata Patuletin, quercetin, kaempferol (Fernandes et al, 2016) Mandevilla velutina Steroids (Mahanta, Mukherjee, 2001;Makhija, Khamar, 2010) Mangifera indica Pentagalloyl glucopyranose (Leanpolchareanchai et al, 2009;Rahmatullah et al, 2012) Mimosa pudica B-3-(3-hydroxy-4-oxopyridyl) a-amino propionic acid, the mimosine (Mahadeswaraswamy et al, 2011) Piper peltatum 4-nerolidylcatechol (Kobayashi et al, 2005) Piper umbellatum 4-nerolidylcatechol (Makhija, Khamar, 2010;Núñez et al, 2005) Strychnos nux vomica Amide (Chatterjee, Chakravarty, Gomes, 2004)…”