The Potential Mechanism of N-acetylcysteine in Treating COVID-19

Zhou, Nan; Yang, Xiaofan; Huang, Aie; Chen, Zhenbing

doi:10.2174/1389201021999201228212043

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…The glutathione precursor also activates additional mechanisms that are beneficial in ameliorating the pathophysiological pathways of the viral attack and subsequent immunomodulatory inflammatory response. It may increase the proliferative response of T cells, inhibit NLRP3 inflammatory pathway (IL1B and IL18) and decrease plasma TNF [55] According to Zhou et al [56] NAC decreases IBF-alpha, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17 serum levels in patients with sepsis, severe burns, acute liver failure, and may also diminish the potency of the cytokine storm, thereby attenuating the detrimental effects of SARS-Cov-2 on multi-system organ failure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nebulization of glutathione and N-Acetylcysteine as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 onset

Lana¹,

Lana²,

Rodrigues³

et al. 2021

Advances in Redox Research

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Ever since its emergence, the highly transmissible and debilitating coronavirus disease spread at an incredibly fast rate, causing global devastation in a matter of months. SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, infects hosts after binding to ACE2 receptors present on cells from many structures pertaining to the respiratory, cardiac, hematological, neurological, renal and gastrointestinal systems. COVID-19, however, appears to trigger a severe cytokine storm syndrome in pulmonary structures, resulting in oxidative stress, exacerbated inflammation and alveolar injury. Due to the recent nature of this disease no treatments have shown complete efficacy and safety. More recently, however, researchers have begun to direct some attention towards GSH and NAC. These natural antioxidants play an essential role in several biological processes in the body, especially the maintenance of the redox equilibrium. In fact, many diseases appear to be strongly related to severe oxidative stress and deficiency of endogenous GSH. The high ratios of ROS over GSH, in particular, appear to reflect severity of symptoms and prolonged hospitalization of COVID-19 patients. This imbalance interferes with the body's ability to detoxify the cellular microenvironment, fold proteins, replenish antioxidant levels, maintain healthy immune responses and even modulate apoptotic events. Oral administration of GSH and NAC is convenient and safe, but they are susceptible to degradation in the digestive tract. Considering this drawback, nebulization of GSH and NAC as an adjuvant therapy may therefore be a viable alternative for the management of the early stages of COVID-19.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nebulization of glutathione and N-Acetylcysteine as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 onset

Lana¹,

Lana²,

Rodrigues³

et al. 2021

Advances in Redox Research

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show abstract

“…Lopinavir/Ritonavir Neuraminidase, DNA inhibitors like Tenofovir Disoproxil or Lamivudine, and medicines like EK1 Peptide are alternatives to antiviral medications for COVID-19 therapy. Interferon recombinant has also been demonstrated to be effective [122][123][124][125]. Also, intravenous IVIG is prescribed for all ages.…”

Section: Severe Covid-19 and Msc-based Therapy Treatment Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stem cell therapy for COVID-19 pneumonia

et al. 2022

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is a highly contagious microorganism, and despite substantial investigation, no progress has been achieved in treating post-COVID complications. However, the virus has made various mutations and has spread around the world. Researchers have tried different treatments to reduce the side effects of the COVID-19 symptoms. One of the most common and effective treatments now used is steroid therapy to reduce the complications of this disease. Long-term steroid therapy for chronic inflammation following COVID-19 is harmful and increases the risk of secondary infection, and effective treatment remains challenging owing to fibrosis and severe inflammation and infection. Sometimes our immune system can severely damage ourselves in disease. In the past, many researchers have conducted various studies on the immunomodulatory properties of stem cells. This property of stem cells led them to modulate the immune system of autoimmune diseases like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's. Because of their immunomodulatory properties, stem cell-based therapy employing mesenchymal or hematopoietic stem cells may be a viable alternative treatment option in some patients. By priming the immune system and providing cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, stem cells can be employed to build a long-term regenerative and protective response. This review addresses the latest trends and rapid progress in stem cell treatment for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) following COVID-19.

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“…Likewise, NAC has a liver protection effect and may be used as a liver care agent. N -acetylcysteine also protects the lung from fibrosis in acute inflammatory conditions such as COVID-19 [ 101 ].…”

Section: Potential Therapeutics For Management Of Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Palivizumab is a drug in this category that has been applied for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection [ 142 ]. Anti-inflammatory antibodies such as anti-IL-6 receptor (Tocilizumab) and anti-ITGA4 (Natalizumab) inhibit inflammation and cellular extravasation [ 101 , 102 ]. Another proposed strategy is the administration of recombinant soluble ACE2 receptors to scavenge the virus.…”

Section: Potential Therapeutics For Management Of Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Molecular Basis of COVID-19 Pathogenesis, Conventional and Nanomedicine Therapy

Kouhpayeh

Shariati

Boshtam

et al. 2021

IJMS

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In late 2019, a new member of the Coronaviridae family, officially designated as “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2), emerged and spread rapidly. The Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) outbreak was accompanied by a high rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. Within the Coronaviridae family, SARS-CoV-2 is considered to be the third most highly pathogenic virus that infects humans, following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Four major mechanisms are thought to be involved in COVID-19 pathogenesis, including the activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) signaling pathway, oxidative stress and cell death, cytokine storm, and endothelial dysfunction. Following virus entry and RAS activation, acute respiratory distress syndrome develops with an oxidative/nitrosative burst. The DNA damage induced by oxidative stress activates poly ADP-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1), viral macrodomain of non-structural protein 3, poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), and transient receptor potential melastatin type 2 (TRPM2) channel in a sequential manner which results in cell apoptosis or necrosis. In this review, blockers of angiotensin II receptor and/or PARP, PARG, and TRPM2, including vitamin D3, trehalose, tannins, flufenamic and mefenamic acid, and losartan, have been investigated for inhibiting RAS activation and quenching oxidative burst. Moreover, the application of organic and inorganic nanoparticles, including liposomes, dendrimers, quantum dots, and iron oxides, as therapeutic agents for SARS-CoV-2 were fully reviewed. In the present review, the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are explained by focusing on molecular mechanisms. Potential therapeutic targets, including the RAS signaling pathway, PARP, PARG, and TRPM2, are also discussed in depth.

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The Potential Mechanism of N-acetylcysteine in Treating COVID-19

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Nebulization of glutathione and N-Acetylcysteine as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 onset

Nebulization of glutathione and N-Acetylcysteine as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 onset

Stem cell therapy for COVID-19 pneumonia

The Molecular Basis of COVID-19 Pathogenesis, Conventional and Nanomedicine Therapy

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