The Potential for Zinc Stable Isotope Techniques and Modelling to Determine Optimal Zinc Supplementation

Tran, Cuong; Gopalsamy, Geetha; Mortimer, Elissa; Young, Graeme P.

doi:10.3390/nu7064271

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 167 publications

(249 reference statements)

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“…Zinc absorption and bioavailability in humans is mostly analyzed with (stable) isotope tracer techniques, primarily measuring fractional zinc absorption [315]. In earlier studies, the zinc radioisotope 65 Zn was also used to investigate zinc homeostasis [316] and bioavailability in humans [317], but is currently replaced by non-radioactive and stable isotopes [318] and solely employed in vitro [66,71,79].…”

Section: Analytical Approaches To Studying In Vitro Zinc Absorption Amentioning

confidence: 99%

A Guide to Human Zinc Absorption: General Overview and Recent Advances of In Vitro Intestinal Models

2020

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Zinc absorption in the small intestine is one of the main mechanisms regulating the systemic homeostasis of this essential trace element. This review summarizes the key aspects of human zinc homeostasis and distribution. In particular, current knowledge on human intestinal zinc absorption and the influence of diet-derived factors on bioaccessibility and bioavailability as well as intrinsic luminal and basolateral factors with an impact on zinc uptake are discussed. Their investigation is increasingly performed using in vitro cellular intestinal models, which are continually being refined and keep gaining importance for studying zinc uptake and transport via the human intestinal epithelium. The vast majority of these models is based on the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 in combination with other relevant components of the intestinal epithelium, such as mucin-secreting goblet cells and in vitro digestion models, and applying improved compositions of apical and basolateral media to mimic the in vivo situation as closely as possible. Particular emphasis is placed on summarizing previous applications as well as key results of these models, comparing their results to data obtained in humans, and discussing their advantages and limitations.

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Section: Analytical Approaches To Studying In Vitro Zinc Absorption Amentioning

confidence: 99%

A Guide to Human Zinc Absorption: General Overview and Recent Advances of In Vitro Intestinal Models

2020

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“…Radioisotopes are a decent diagnostic tool, but they are costly. New biomarkers such as Linoleic Acid are emerging [54][55][56][57] . However, considering the vast population involved with SARS-CoV-2 and the high economic Burdon of such approaches, we propose a simple and cheap method to select zinc-deficient SARS-CoV-2 patients and include zinc correction in their treatment package.…”

Section: Practicalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Zinc Correction in SARS-CoV-2 Patients Improve Treatment Outcomes?

Noeparast¹,

Verschelden²

2020

Preprint

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The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic for which there is no established treatment available yet, has caused more than 68,000 deaths so far. Following the SARS-CoV outbreak in 2003, an Italian group described a hypothesis about the efficacy of two old drugs: Chloroquine (CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), against SARS-CoV and its future emergents. Later, this hypothesis was shown to be relevant in-vitro. Due to the high genetic similarity of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, the hypothesis introduced by Savarino et al. and the further supportive in-vitro evidence served a rational ground for three different Chinese groups to test the efficacy of CQ or HCQ against SARS-CoV-2 in-vitro. These studies showed promising in-vitro efficacy of CQ and HCQ against SARS-CoV-2. Unfortunately, in the absence of sufficient clinical data on the (in)efficacy of CQ and HCQ in SARS-CoV-2 patients, the compassionate and off-label use of these medications is becoming politicized. Herein, we underline some critical features of the CQ/HCQ mechanism of action concerning SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, we put forward a hypothesis based on three lines of evidence on a probable link between zinc-deficiency/zinc correction and response to CQ/HCQ- and possibly other SARS-CoV-2 treatments.

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“…To date, there are no isotopic methods used to evaluate iron status. The utility of monitoring the size of the exchangeable zinc pool (EZP) to reflect changes in zinc intake or absorption has been investigated ( 22 ).…”

Section: Current Status Of Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ratio of the 2 isotopes in urine (or plasma can be used) is examined after an appropriate mixing time ( Figure 6 ). After correcting for dose size and enrichment, fractional absorbed zinc and total zinc absorption from the test meal can be determined ( 22 ). For example, a zinc-absorption study provided women with typical wheat and zinc-biofortified wheat tortillas containing different zinc isotopes ( 67 Zn and 70 Zn), and compared the enrichment in urine with an intravenous dose of 68 Zn [ Figure 6 ( 104 † )].…”

Section: Current Status Of Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although much of zinc is not accessible to measurement in the body due to its incorporation into proteins and function in cellular processes, ∼20% of body zinc exchanges rapidly with plasma and is called the exchangeable zinc pool or EZP, which has been suggested as a biomarker of zinc status ( 22 ). One study determined the change in EZP after supplementation, where it was responsive ( 105 † ).…”

Section: Current Status Of Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of Stable Isotopes to Evaluate Bioefficacy of Provitamin A Carotenoids, Vitamin A Status, and Bioavailability of Iron and Zinc

Sheftel

Loechl

Mokhtar

et al. 2018

Advances in Nutrition

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The ability of nutrition scientists to measure the status, bioavailability, and bioefficacy of micronutrients is affected by lack of access to the parts of the body through which a nutrient may travel before appearing in accessible body compartments (typically blood or urine). Stable isotope–labeled tracers function as safe, nonradioactive tools to follow micronutrients in a quantitative manner because the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the tracer are assumed to be similar to the unlabeled vitamin or mineral. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) supports research on the safe use of stable isotopes in global health and nutrition. This review focuses on IAEA's contributions to vitamin A, iron, and zinc research. These micronutrients are specifically targeted by the WHO because of their importance in health and worldwide prevalence of deficiency. These 3 micronutrients are included in food fortification and biofortification efforts in low- and middle-income regions of the world. Vitamin A isotopic techniques can be used to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of interventions. For example, total body retinol stores were estimated by using 13C2-retinol isotope dilution before and after feeding Zambian children maize biofortified with β-carotene to determine if vitamin A reserves were improved by the intervention. Stable isotopes of iron and zinc have been used to determine mineral bioavailability. In Thailand, ferrous sulfate was better absorbed from fish sauce than was ferrous lactate or ferric ammonium citrate, determined with the use of different iron isotopes in each compound. Comparisons of one zinc isotope injected intravenously with another isotope taken orally from a micronutrient powder proved that the powder increased total absorbed zinc from a meal in Pakistani infants. Capacity building by the IAEA with appropriate collaborations in low- and middle-income countries to use stable isotopes has resulted in many advancements in human nutrition.

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The Potential for Zinc Stable Isotope Techniques and Modelling to Determine Optimal Zinc Supplementation

Cited by 16 publications

References 167 publications

A Guide to Human Zinc Absorption: General Overview and Recent Advances of In Vitro Intestinal Models

A Guide to Human Zinc Absorption: General Overview and Recent Advances of In Vitro Intestinal Models

Can Zinc Correction in SARS-CoV-2 Patients Improve Treatment Outcomes?

Use of Stable Isotopes to Evaluate Bioefficacy of Provitamin A Carotenoids, Vitamin A Status, and Bioavailability of Iron and Zinc

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