The Potential Effects of Recall Bias and Selection Bias on the Epidemiological Evidence for the Carcinogenicity of Glyphosate

Crump, Kenny S.

doi:10.1111/risa.13440

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The International Agency of the World Health Organization recently classified glyphosate as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" [73]. Although some researchers believed that glyphosate was not linked to carcinogenicity, epidemiological evidence supports a strong temporal correlation between the use of glyphosate on crops and a multitude of cancers, including breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, kidney cancer, thyroid cancer, and liver cancer [74].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Farmers’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions Regarding Carcinogenic Pesticides in Fez Meknes Region (Morocco)

Khadda

Fagroud

Karmoudi

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Pesticides play an important role in the improvement of agricultural production, but their use may result in adverse effects on the environment, consumers, and farmers’ health. As there are limited data focusing on the factors influencing safety behavior toward pesticide use in Morocco, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in 15 rural communities of Morocco’s Fes Meknes region to assess the attitudes, knowledge, and practices regarding pesticide use. A structured questionnaire was completed, containing the data of the interviewed farmers, their behavior towards safety measures, the type of active ingredient used, as well as the perception of risks to their own health following exposure to pesticides by the existence of chronic, self-perceived symptoms. Non-probability (empirical) sampling with the quota method was carried out, which consists of constructing the sample. Results showed that most respondents have not been trained in the application of pesticides, with almost half of the farmers using a category of pesticides which are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as probable human carcinogenic (i.e., Glyphosate, Malathion). In terms of pesticide storage, 40% of farmers said that they did not store pesticides in a separate room after purchasing or using them. The empty containers were buried or burnt by half of the responders, while the remainder were thrown at the edge of fields or in public dumps. Although the participants were aware of the negative effects on their own health and on the environment caused by the application of pesticides in use, the protection measures by individual equipment were insufficient. A canonical analysis indicates that these behaviors were influenced by the farming experience, the benefit of the agricultural council services, the follow-up of training, and the education level. These variables are important factors in explaining and understanding the dangers to both the environment and health caused by pesticides. The most recorded likely consequences of pesticide exposure were visual impairment (46%), followed by dizziness (44.3%), headache (39.4%), and excessive sweating (34.4%), and 30.2% of participants identified consequent respiratory problems. Extension services targeted at safety and protection measures should be developed and accompanied by educational programs to put farmers’ perceptions into practice and encourage them to adopt healthy and environmentally friendly behaviors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Farmers’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions Regarding Carcinogenic Pesticides in Fez Meknes Region (Morocco)

Khadda

Fagroud

Karmoudi

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…This study presented some limitations. Firstly, the SEER database is a retrospective dataset with limitations inherent to retrospective research, for example retrospective analysis is prone to selection and recall bias (35). Moreover, the data from the SEER database were collected by different cancer centers and, depending on the statistician, there may be selection bias.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of lymph node dissection in radical cystectomy

et al. 2020

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The number of lymph node dissections (LNDs) is an independent factor influencing the survival time of patients with bladder cancer (BCa) after radical resection (RC). The present study aimed to investigate the association between the number of LNDs and the survival of patients with BCa at different stages and who underwent RC in the United States of America and China. Records from 17,730 American patients with BCa and 158 Chinese patients with BCa were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) and the Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital (China) databases, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curve and χ 2 test were used to determine the overall survival time (OS) of patients with BCa. Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the effects of LND number on OS. Overall, 13,421 (75.7%) patients were negative for lymph node metastasis (N0) and 4,309 (24.3%) were positive for lymph node metastasis (N+) among the 17,730 American patients with BCa. In the group of 158 Chinese patients, 125 (79.1%) were N0 and 33 (20.9%) were N+. In the American patients, the median number of dissected nodes was 11.0 [interquartile range (IQR)=3.0-21.0] for N0 patients and 14.0 (IQR=8.0-23.0) for N+ patients. The median number of LNDs was 5.0 (IQR=2.0-7.0) for Chinese N0 patients and 5.0 (IQR=1.5-10.5) for Chinese N+ patients. The number of LNDs may therefore be an independent factor associated with survival in patients who underwent RC. Furthermore, a higher number of LNDs was associated with longer OS in patients with BCa [American patients, ≥13 nodes vs. ≤5 nodes, hazard ratio (HR)=0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI)= 0.59-0.65, P<0.001; Chinese patients, ≥5 nodes vs. ≤1 node, HR=0.27, 95% CI=0.12-0.62, P=0.002]. The number of LNDs in patients with BCa and N+ was higher compared with number of LNDs in patients with BCa and N0 who underwent RC. More extensive LND improved the OS in both the patients from USA and China. Increasing the number of LNDs may therefore be crucial when treating patients with BCa.

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“…The adverse health effects associated with glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide worldwide, is the focus of intense regulatory debate. With studies opposed, some of them confirmed the effects (Zhang et al., 2019 ) and other studies in other way (Andreotti et al., 2018 ; Crump, 2020 ), glyphosate was classified as “probably carcinogenic” for humans in March 2015 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 2015 ). Actually, many countries, regions, and municipalities have banned or are strictly regulating its use ( http://sustainablepulse.com ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%