The potential and prospects of sleep biomarkers in early Alzheimer's disease diagnosis

Abstract

Alzheimers disease (AD), often accompanied by sleep disturbances, is a neurodegenerative disease. Sleep disruptions have the potential to serve as biomarkers for early diagnosis because they can be observed in the initial stages of disease progression in the sleep-wake cycle. This paper summarizes the latest findings on AD manifestations during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, sleep oscillations, and cognitive impairment. It provides a detailed overview of diagnostic bioindicators for primary Alzheimers disease, including invasive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers, non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), and plasma biomarkers, and compares their advantages and limitations in diagnosing early AD. The accuracy and reliability of sleep biomarkers in early diagnosis are evaluated, along with their clinical application prospects. The paper also proposes improvements in the use of sleep clinical markers for early Alzheimers disease diagnosis, aiming for greater breakthroughs in this field. The significance of this review lies in its in-depth exploration of the association between sleep disturbances and the early period of the disease, along with the introduction of potential biomarkers that can serve as tools for early determining and monitoring of this neurodegenerative health issue.