The Postnatal Development of Gut Lamina Propria Lymphocytes: Number, Proliferation, and T and B Cell Subsets in Conventional and Germ-Free Pigs

Rothkötter, H. J.; Ulbrich, Holger; Pabst, Reinhard

doi:10.1203/00006450-199103000-00004

Cited by 96 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…3A,B). This is comparable to the appearance of CD4 þ and CD8 þ lymphocytes in the gut lamina propria, which also did not differ between 5 and 49 days in germ-free pigs in contrast to the dramatic increase in conventional pigs [31]. Bacteria might be necessary to stimulate epithelial cells to produce growth factors for IEL: nutritional antigens and microbial factors do not seem to be sufficient.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

The Influence of Age and Breeding Conditions on the Number and Proliferation of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Pigs

1999

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The number and subset composition of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) were studied in pigs in different age groups ranging from 1 day to 4.5 years. There were no major differences between the numbers of IEL in the jejunum and ileum. The postnatal increase of IEL largely depended on the breeding conditions: in germ-free animals there was a constant level, while in conventionally bred pigs the numbers increased more obviously than in specified pathogen-free (SPF) pigs. As the numbers of IEL can rise due to increased influx from other organs, decreased emigration, decreased apoptosis or local proliferation, the incorporation of the DNA precursor bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) by IEL was studied after different labelling protocols. There were low but definite numbers of BrdU þ IEL 1 h after BrdU, indicating in-situ proliferation in conventional animals with a tendency to a higher index in the jejunum than the ileum. Repetitive labelling protocols for 14 days resulted in 12-20% BrdU þ IEL, which may be caused by local proliferation and immigration of lymphocytes produced in other lymphoid organs as documented for the pig. Future studies need to focus on the factors regulating local proliferation and the migration of IEL in different species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

The Influence of Age and Breeding Conditions on the Number and Proliferation of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Pigs

1999

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“…In particular, newborn piglets have essentially no leucocytes, despite the more advanced development of piglets at term compared to human or rodent neonates [44,53]. This is true for lamina propria leucocytes of any type, including antigen presenting cells, T-cells or B cells [9,45,46] and unpublished data 1,2 .…”

Section: Development Of the Diffuse Lymphoid Architecture In The Neonatementioning

confidence: 89%

“…This has been demonstrated by many studies in germ-free pigs, which show an almost total lack of immune development of both the organised [8] as well as the diffuse lymphoid tissue [8,44]. In newborn and germfree piglets, usage of variable (V) gene segments in rearrangements of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus is also limited.…”

Section: Environmental Effects On Early Immune Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The postnatal development of the mucosal immune system and mucosal tolerance in domestic animals

Bailey

Haverson²

2006

Vet. Res.

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-The mucosal immune system is exposed to a range of antigens associated with pathogens, to which it must mount active immune responses. However, it is also exposed to a large number of harmless antigens associated with food and with commensal microbial flora, to which expression of active, inflammatory immune responses to these antigens is undesirable. The mucosal immune system must contain machinery capable of evaluating the antigens to which it is exposed and mounting appropriate effector or regulatory responses. Since the immune system is likely to have evolved initially in mucosal tissues, the requirement to prevent damaging allergic responses must be at least as old as the adaptive immune system, and studies of the mechanisms should include a range of non-mammalian species. Despite the importance for rational design of vaccines and for control of allergic reactions, the mechanisms involved are still largely unclear. It is not clear that the classical experimental protocol of "oral tolerance" is, in fact, measuring a biologically important phenomenon, nor is it clear whether tolerance is regulated in the evolutionarily recent organised lymphoid tissue (the lymph nodes) or the more ancient, diffuse architecture in the intestine. The capacity of the immune system to discriminate between "dangerous" and "harmless" antigens appears to develop with age and exposure to microbial flora. Thus, the ability of an individual or a group of animals to correctly regulate mucosal immune responses will depend on age, genetics and on their microbial environment and history. Attempts to manipulate the mucosal immune system towards active immune responses by oral vaccines, or towards oral tolerance, are likely to be confounded by environmentally-induced variability between individuals and between groups of animals.

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“…Antigen-presenting cells are present in large numbers in the lamina propria of many species including the pig (Haverson et al, 2000). The lamina propria around the intestinal crypts contains cells staining for Igs (predominantly IgA, presumably plasma cells), with few T-cells or DC, but with myeloid cells with the characteristics of macrophages and granulocytes (Rothkö tter et al, 1991). At birth, only small numbers of leucocytes are found in the lamina propria and in pigs it becomes populated according to a clearly staged time course.…”

Section: Piglet Immunity: Implications For the Oral Application Of Immentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in pig production: can immunomodulators play a role?

Gallois¹,

Rothkötter

Bailey

et al. 2009

Animal

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As a result of the European ban of in-feed growth-promoting antibiotics, new strategies are being developed to increase the resistance to disease in farm animals. In pig production, this is of particular importance during the weaning transition when piglets are subjected to major stressful events, making them highly sensitive to digestive disorders. At this time, the development of both innate and adaptive immunity at the mucosal surface is critical in preventing the potential harmful effects of intestinal pathogenic agents. Strategies aiming at stimulating natural host defences through the use of substances able to modulate immune functions have gained increasing interest in animal research, and different bioactive components a priori sharing those properties have been the subject of in vivo nutritional investigations in pig. Among these, yeast derivates (b-glucans and mannans) are able to interact with immune cells, particularly phagocytic cells. However, studies where they have been fed to pigs have shown inconsistent results, suggesting that their ability to target the sensitive immune cells through the oral route is questionable. The plant extracts, which would benefit from a positive image in the public opinion, have also been tested. However, due to a lack of data on the bioactive components of particular plants and the large diversity of species, it has proved difficult to prepare extracts of equivalent potency and thus, the literature on their influence on pig immunity remains inconclusive. In considering piglet immunity and health benefits, the most promising results to date have been obtained with spray-dried animal plasma, whose positive effects would be provided by specific antibodies and nonspecific competition of some plasma components with bacteria for intestinal receptors. The major positive effect of spray-dried animal plasma is in reducing the infiltration of gut-associated lymphoid tissue by immune cells, which is likely to be the result of a decreased colonisation by potentially harmful bacteria. This review also highlights the limitations of some of the published in vivo studies on the immunomodulatory activity of certain feed additives. Among those, the lack of standardisation of extracts and the heterogeneity of piglet-rearing conditions (e.g. exposure to pathogens) are likely the most limiting.

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The Postnatal Development of Gut Lamina Propria Lymphocytes: Number, Proliferation, and T and B Cell Subsets in Conventional and Germ-Free Pigs

Cited by 96 publications

References 8 publications

The Influence of Age and Breeding Conditions on the Number and Proliferation of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Pigs

The Influence of Age and Breeding Conditions on the Number and Proliferation of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Pigs

The postnatal development of the mucosal immune system and mucosal tolerance in domestic animals

Natural alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in pig production: can immunomodulators play a role?

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