The postcranial skeleton of the Early Triassic parareptile Sauropareion anoplus, with a discussion of possible life history

MacDougall, Mark J.; Modesto, Sean P.; Botha‐Brink, Jennifer

doi:10.4202/app.2011.0099

Cited by 9 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…; MacDougall et al . ), which would confirm their incompleteness. Other smaller fragments could not be recognized during segmentation, so they are not shown in the 3D model apart from the three largest fragments (Fig.…”

Section: Pectoral Girdlementioning

confidence: 68%

“…The tree topology is like those found in previous analyses (Cisneros ; MacDougall et al . ), but with Kapes bentoni added, a sister‐group relationship is indicated between the two species of Kapes : K. majmesculae and K. bentoni . The genus Kapes is, however, not very stable, with a Bremer score of 2 and bootstrap value <50%.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Analysismentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Even though MacDougall et al . () mentioned that all ribs of Sauropareion were holocephalous, anterior ribs of two specimens (MacDougall et al . , figs 1, 5) show the same condition as that observed in BRSUG 29950‐13: heads being vaguely dichocephalous and posterior ribs being holocephalous, but with the single head representing both capitulum and tuberculum.…”

Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…() mentioned that all ribs of Sauropareion were holocephalous, anterior ribs of two specimens (MacDougall et al . , figs 1, 5) show the same condition as that observed in BRSUG 29950‐13: heads being vaguely dichocephalous and posterior ribs being holocephalous, but with the single head representing both capitulum and tuberculum. Therefore, it is possible that procolophonids had a few dichocephalous anterior ribs and the two heads would gradually merge in the more posterior ribs, a primitive condition observed in many Permian reptiles (Romer ).…”

Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, we coded the new specimen of Kapes bentoni into the revised version of the Cisneros data matrix given by MacDougall et al . (), as follows: 1? ?11 ?…”

Section: Phylogenetic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Middle Triassic procolophonid Kapes bentoni: computed tomography of the skull and skeleton

Zaher

Coram

Benton

2018

Papers in Palaeontology

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Procolophonids were diverse small reptiles through the late Permian and Triassic. Relatively complete specimens of various taxa are known from the Early and Late Triassic, but the 10 or so Middle Triassic taxa, from South Africa, Russia, China and the UK, are mostly incomplete, being known only from skulls or partial and poorly preserved isolated elements. Because of their small size, it has often been difficult to establish details of anatomy using physical preparation methods, so application of scanning technology can massively improve knowledge. Here, we describe the first substantial portion of a skull and anterior postcranial skeleton of the genus Kapes, known from Russia and the UK. CT scanning and 3D digital restoration of the new specimen from the Anisian Otter Sandstone of Devon, UK, reveal anatomical details previously unknown for this taxon, most notably the enlarged quadratojugal processes. This is also one of the few mature procolophonid specimens with a preserved postcranium, and it gives valuable insight into ossification patterns. Fused sutures of the skull, fused scapulocoracoid, and heavily worn teeth show evidence of the common reptilian ossification pattern with a possible limitation in tooth replacement. There is sufficient anatomical information to include Kapes bentoni for the first time in a cladistic analysis, which shows that it is sister to the Russian Kapes majmesculae and part of a clade of Anisian taxa phylogenetically more basal than Procolophon. Inferences on the function of the quadratojugal spines and fossorial mode of life are also considered.

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Section: Pectoral Girdlementioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Phylogenetic Analysismentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, we coded the new specimen of Kapes bentoni into the revised version of the Cisneros data matrix given by MacDougall et al . (), as follows: 1? ?11 ?…”

Section: Phylogenetic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Middle Triassic procolophonid Kapes bentoni: computed tomography of the skull and skeleton

Zaher

Coram

Benton

2018

Papers in Palaeontology

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Hwiccewyrm trispiculum gen. et sp. nov., a new leptopleuronine procolophonid from the Late Triassic of southwest England

Butler,

Meade,

Cleary

et al. 2023

The Anatomical Record

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The fissure fill localities of southwest England and South Wales are well‐known for preserving rich assemblages of predominantly small‐bodied Late Triassic to Early Jurassic tetrapods, but many aspects of these assemblages remain contentious. The age of the Late Triassic fissures is disputed, with some lines of argument suggesting a latest Triassic (Rhaetian) age, whereas other evidence suggests they may be as old as Carnian. The fissures have been hypothesized by some workers to have formed on an archipelago, with island effects invoked to explain aspects of the assemblages such as the abundance of small‐bodied species. Procolophonids were a successful group of Triassic parareptiles, best known from Early to early Late Triassic assemblages, but have only recently been described from one of the fissure fill sites (Ruthin) based upon fragmentary remains. Here, we describe new procolophonid specimens from another fissure (Cromhall) that represent at least six individuals of different sizes, with much of the skeleton represented including well‐preserved skull material. The Cromhall procolophonid shows strong similarities to Late Triassic procolophonids from Scotland, Brazil and North America, but both autapomorphies and a unique character combination demonstrate that it represents a new species, which we name as Hwiccewyrm trispiculum gen. et sp. nov. Phylogenetic analysis places Hwiccewyrm in a derived clade within Leptopleuroninae, together with Leptopleuron, Hypsognathus, and Soturnia. The largest specimens of Hwiccewyrm demonstrate a body size that is similar to Leptopleuron and Hypsognathus, supporting other recent work that has questioned the insular dwarfism hypothesis for the fissure fill assemblages.

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An early‐diverging procolophonid from the lowermost Triassic of South America and the origins of herbivory in Procolophonoidea

Pinheiro

Silva-Neves

Da-Rosa

2021

Papers in Palaeontology

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Procolophonoidea was the only parareptile clade to survive the end‐Permian mass extinction, and they experienced a major adaptive radiation during the Triassic. The flourishing of procolophonoid lineages in highly stressful post‐extinction environments may be, at least in part, a result of their early adaptations to herbivory, which would eventually become the most common feeding strategy in later representatives of the group. Although procolophonoids are comparatively diverse in the South African Lystrosaurus declivis Assemblage Zone, only the Gondwanan widespread taxon Procolophon trigoniceps has been thus far reported in South American deposits of similar age. Here, we present a new procolophonid genus and species from the Lower Triassic Sanga do Cabral Formation of Brazil. Oryporan insolitus gen. et sp. nov. combines typical adaptations suggestive of herbivory with primitive character states that are peculiar to early procolophonoids. Accordingly, phylogenetic analysis places the new species as an early‐diverging procolophonid, thus far the phylogenetically earliest to develop apparent adaptations for herbivory. Character optimization shows that the bulbous, labiolingually expanded molariforms of most procolophonids (usually interpreted as indicative of high‐fibre herbivory) were co‐opted from an insectivorous dentition. The new taxon also highlights the diversity of feeding habits displayed by Early Triassic procolophonoids, which was probably crucial for the survival of the clade in post‐extinction disaster communities.

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The postcranial skeleton of the Early Triassic parareptile Sauropareion anoplus, with a discussion of possible life history

Abstract: The skeletal anatomy of the Early Triassic (Induan)

Cited by 9 publications

References 34 publications

The Middle Triassic procolophonid Kapes bentoni: computed tomography of the skull and skeleton

The Middle Triassic procolophonid Kapes bentoni: computed tomography of the skull and skeleton

Hwiccewyrm trispiculum gen. et sp. nov., a new leptopleuronine procolophonid from the Late Triassic of southwest England

An early‐diverging procolophonid from the lowermost Triassic of South America and the origins of herbivory in Procolophonoidea

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