The Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome (Long COVID)

Al-Jahdhami, Issa; Al-Naamani, Khalid; Al-Mawali, Adhra

doi:10.5001/omj.2021.91

Cited by 43 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…It has been reported that about 30% of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients experience long-term symptoms following resolution of acute disease [ 1 ]. These symptoms include fatigue, brain fog, sleep difficulties, arthralgia, pharyngitis, myalgia, headaches, fever, gastrointestinal upset, and skin rashes with a variety of presentations [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Long-term symptoms associated with COVID-19 are collectively known as long COVID.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation

Gold¹,

et al. 2021

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients sometimes experience long-term symptoms following resolution of acute disease, including fatigue, brain fog, and rashes. Collectively these have become known as long COVID. Our aim was to first determine long COVID prevalence in 185 randomly surveyed COVID-19 patients and, subsequently, to determine if there was an association between occurrence of long COVID symptoms and reactivation of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in 68 COVID-19 patients recruited from those surveyed. We found the prevalence of long COVID symptoms to be 30.3% (56/185), which included 4 initially asymptomatic COVID-19 patients who later developed long COVID symptoms. Next, we found that 66.7% (20/30) of long COVID subjects versus 10% (2/20) of control subjects in our primary study group were positive for EBV reactivation based on positive titers for EBV early antigen-diffuse (EA-D) IgG or EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgM. The difference was significant (p < 0.001, Fisher’s exact test). A similar ratio was observed in a secondary group of 18 subjects 21–90 days after testing positive for COVID-19, indicating reactivation may occur soon after or concurrently with COVID-19 infection. These findings suggest that many long COVID symptoms may not be a direct result of the SARS-CoV-2 virus but may be the result of COVID-19 inflammation-induced EBV reactivation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation

Gold¹,

et al. 2021

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“…This group of signs has been named "long COVID" or "persisting COVID". However, the de nition of this syndrome remains unclear and there is not consensus regarding the name and the diagnostic criteria [2]. It is not clear which symptoms could be related to coronavirus and how to de ne this persistent period after the acute phase [3,4].…”

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confidence: 99%

Long COVID in Hospitalized and Non-Hospitalized Patients in a Large Cohort in Northwest Spain, A Prospective Cohort Study

González

Araújo

Fernández-Villar

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background. Survivors to COVID-19 have described long-term symptoms after acute disease. These signs constitute a heterogeneous group named long COVID or persistent COVID.Objective: The aim of this study is to describe persisting symptoms six months after COVID-19 diagnosis in a prospective cohort in the Northwest SpainDesign. This is a prospective cohort study performed in the COVID-19 Cohort of Galicia Sur Health Institute (COHVID-GS). Participants: This cohort includes patients in clinical follow-up in a health area of 569,534 inhabitants after SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 diagnosis. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics were collected during the follow up.Main measures and key results. A total of 284 patients completed 6 months follow-up, 176 (69.4%) required hospitalization and 29 (10.2%) of them needed critical care. At six months, 119 (48.0%) patients described one or more persisting symptoms. The most prevalent were: extra-thoracic symptoms (39.1%), chest symptoms (27%), dyspnoea (20.6%), and fatigue (16.1%). These symptoms were more common in hospitalized patients (52.3% vs 38.2%) and in women (59.0% vs 40.5%). The multivariate analysis identified Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), female gender and tobacco consumption as risk factors for long COVID.Conclusions. Persisting symptoms are common after COVID-19 especially in hospitalized patients compared to outpatients (52.3% vs. 38.2%). Based on these findings, special attention and clinical follow-up after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection should be provided for hospitalized patients with previous lung diseases, tobacco consumption, and females.

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“…It is important to note that those individuals with NCDs that survive the Covid-19 infection may have a negative effect on the progression of their pre-existing chronic disease/s and/or suffer from the long Covid-19 syndrome [ 40 , 42 ]. In which case, these individuals will benefit mostly from a syndemic management approach.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into the Occurrence of Common Non-communicable Diseases at a Population Level and the Potential Impact During the Coronavirus Pandemic — a Need for a Syndemic Healthcare Approach?

Cuschieri

Grech

2021

SN Compr. Clin. Med.

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People suffering from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are at an increased risk for severe Covid-19. The aim was to determine the burden of common NCDs at a population level, assess Covid-19 impact while exploring whether a syndemic approach is merited to deal with NCDs and Covid-19. Baseline data from a Malta national representative survey. Individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), hypertension, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidaemia and overweight-obese status were considered. Prevalence for single disease and multimorbidity were used to estimate population burden. Covid-19 impact at a population level was estimated through local Covid-19 infectivity rates. Years of life lost (YLL) and mortality rate were calculated using Covid-19 data and compared to corresponding NCDs data reported by global burden of disease (GBD) study. Half the study population ( n = 3947) had a single NCD while a third had multimorbidity. Of these, 6.55% were estimated to be at risk of Covid-19 and require admission. Covid-19 YLL over 12 months was 5228.54 years, which is higher than the estimated YLL for hypertension and T2DM by GBD study for Malta. Health systems and policies should be re-focused to accommodate both Covid-19 and NCDs simultaneously through a targeted syndemic approach with primary healthcare playing a central role. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42399-021-01064-2.

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The Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome (Long COVID)

Cited by 43 publications

References 10 publications

Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation

Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation

Long COVID in Hospitalized and Non-Hospitalized Patients in a Large Cohort in Northwest Spain, A Prospective Cohort Study

Insight into the Occurrence of Common Non-communicable Diseases at a Population Level and the Potential Impact During the Coronavirus Pandemic — a Need for a Syndemic Healthcare Approach?

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