The possible role of ritualized aggression in the vibration signal of the honeybee, Apis mellifera

<p>Virological Treatment Failure Among Adult HIV/AIDS Patients from Selected Hospitals of North Shoa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia</p>

“…In 2016 a total of 420,000 people living with HIV were put on antiretroviral treatment and virological suppression rates were 51% at the national level. 5,13 Currently, patients on HAART are monitored with viral load, immunological and clinical assessment among this viral load monitoring is the gold standard method to diagnose ART failure. Though WHO's recommendation to "treat all" living with HIV immediately after confirming HIV diagnosis that helps to reduce morbidity levels and premature death and the continued expansion of ART coverage, there were an increasing proportion of people on ART had HIV drug resistance (HIVDR); like Pretreatment HIV drug resistance (PDR) and acquired HIV drug resistance (ADR) to one or more of first-line ARV drugs.…”

“…Though WHO's recommendation to "treat all" living with HIV immediately after confirming HIV diagnosis that helps to reduce morbidity levels and premature death and the continued expansion of ART coverage, there were an increasing proportion of people on ART had HIV drug resistance (HIVDR); like Pretreatment HIV drug resistance (PDR) and acquired HIV drug resistance (ADR) to one or more of first-line ARV drugs. 13,14 The human cost of HIVDR cannot be underestimated. HIV drug resistance is associated with increased mortality and reduced effectiveness of treatment regimens.…”

Individual Morphology and Habitat Structure Alter Social Interactions in a Range-Shifting Species

“…Like many species, A. pisonii males engage in ritualistic aggression following a stereotypical sequential assessment model where individuals vary their behavior during an interaction from low to high cost until a winner emerges, allowing opponents to avoid physical injury by determining the likely winner of a fight without physical confrontation [15,16]. Animals use this type of behavior for a variety of vital functions, from courtship [17][18][19] and territory defense [20,21] to the establishment of social hierarchies [22][23][24][25]. In A. pisonii, this behavior allows for the low-cost establishment of a social hierarchy based on size and sex that provides for effective division of resources [16].…”