The Possible Origin and Persistence of Life on Enceladus and Detection of Biomarkers in the Plume

McKay, Christopher P.; Porco, C. C.; Altheide, T. S.; Davis, W. R.; Kral, T. A.

doi:10.1089/ast.2008.0265

Cited by 164 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 80 publications

(92 reference statements)

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“…Denaturing of proteins with temperature appears also to play a role (28). Hot water in contact with rocks can be efficient in generating or recycling redox couples--this has been suggested for the interior of Enceladus (29). Such ecosystems provide a compelling example of possible life below the ocean of an exoplanet or exomoon and can even be productive enough to support multicellular life--in the presence of an O 2 -rich environment.…”

Section: Strategy For Exoplanetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Requirements and limits for life in the context of exoplanets

McKay

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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124

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The requirements for life on Earth, its elemental composition, and its environmental limits provide a way to assess the habitability of exoplanets. Temperature is key both because of its influence on liquid water and because it can be directly estimated from orbital and climate models of exoplanetary systems. Life can grow and reproduce at temperatures as low as −15°C, and as high as 122°C. Studies of life in extreme deserts show that on a dry world, even a small amount of rain, fog, snow, and even atmospheric humidity can be adequate for photosynthetic production producing a small but detectable microbial community. Life is able to use light at levels less than 10 −5 of the solar flux at Earth. UV or ionizing radiation can be tolerated by many microorganisms at very high levels and is unlikely to be life limiting on an exoplanet. Biologically available nitrogen may limit habitability. Levels of O 2 over a few percent on an exoplanet would be consistent with the presence of multicellular organisms and high levels of O 2 on Earth-like worlds indicate oxygenic photosynthesis. Other factors such as pH and salinity are likely to vary and not limit life over an entire planet or moon.extremophiles | Mars | astrobiology T he list of exoplanets is increasing rapidly with a diversity of masses, orbital distances, and star types. The long list motivates us to consider which of these worlds could support life and what type of life could live there. The only approach to answering these questions is based on observations of life on Earth. Compared with astronomical targets, life on Earth is easily studied and our knowledge of it is extensive--but it is not complete. The most important area in which we lack knowledge about life on Earth is its origin. We have no consensus theory for the origin of life nor do we know the timing or location (1). What we do know about life on Earth is what it is made of, and we know its ecological requirements and limits. Thus, it is not surprising that most of the discussions related to life on exoplanets focus on the requirements for life rather than its origin. In this paper we follow this same approach but later return briefly to the question of the origin of life. Limits to LifeThere are two somewhat different approaches to the question of the limits of life. The first approach is to determine the requirements for life. The second approach is to determine the extreme environments in which adapted organisms-often referred to as extremophiles-can survive. Both perspectives are relevant to the question of life on exoplanets.It is useful to categorize the requirements for life on Earth as four items: energy, carbon, liquid water, and various other elements. These are listed in Table 1 along with the occurrence of these factors in the Solar System (2). In our Solar System it is the occurrence of liquid water that appears to limit the occurrence of habitable environments and this appears to be the case for exoplanetary systems as well.From basic thermodynamic considerations it is clear that life ...

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Section: Strategy For Exoplanetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Requirements and limits for life in the context of exoplanets

McKay

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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124

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“…1-3). Studies of the physical characteristics, the geochemical properties, and microbes in ice (triple point junctions, brine channels, gas bubbles) have also changed our perceptions of the environments that may contain traces of, or even sustain, life beyond Earth [e.g., Mars (4), Europa (5), and Enceladus (6)]. …”

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Microbial life at −13 °C in the brine of an ice-sealed Antarctic lake

Murray

Kenig

Fritsen

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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156

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The permanent ice cover of Lake Vida (Antarctica) encapsulates an extreme cryogenic brine ecosystem (−13°C; salinity, 200). This aphotic ecosystem is anoxic and consists of a slightly acidic (pH 6.2) sodium chloride-dominated brine. Expeditions in 2005 and 2010 were conducted to investigate the biogeochemistry of Lake Vida's brine system. A phylogenetically diverse and metabolically active Bacteria dominated microbial assemblage was observed in the brine. These bacteria live under very high levels of reduced metals, ammonia, molecular hydrogen (H 2 ), and dissolved organic carbon, as well as high concentrations of oxidized species of nitrogen (i.e., supersaturated nitrous oxide and ∼1 mmol·L −1 nitrate) and sulfur (as sulfate). The existence of this system, with active biota, and a suite of reduced as well as oxidized compounds, is unusual given the millennial scale of its isolation from external sources of energy. The geochemistry of the brine suggests that abiotic brine-rock reactions may occur in this system and that the rich sources of dissolved electron acceptors prevent sulfate reduction and methanogenesis from being energetically favorable. The discovery of this ecosystem and the in situ biotic and abiotic processes occurring at low temperature provides a tractable system to study habitability of isolated terrestrial cryoenvironments (e.g., permafrost cryopegs and subglacial ecosystems), and is a potential analog for habitats on other icy worlds where water-rock reactions may cooccur with saline deposits and subsurface oceans.astrobiology | geomicrobiology | microbial ecology | extreme environment T he observation of microbes surviving and growing in a variety of icy systems on Earth has expanded our understanding of how life pervades, functions, and persists under challenging conditions (e.g., refs. 1-3). Studies of the physical characteristics, the geochemical properties, and microbes in ice (triple point junctions, brine channels, gas bubbles) have also changed our perceptions of the environments that may contain traces of, or even sustain, life beyond Earth [e.g., Mars (4), Europa (5), and Enceladus (6)].Solute depression of ice crystal formation or solar radiation melting of water ice are key processes that provide liquid waterthe key solvent that makes life possible-within icy systems. Microbial communities in these conditions are often sustained by a supply of energy that ultimately derives from photosynthesis (present or past). The understanding of ecosystems based on energy sources other than the Sun comes mainly from realms where hydrothermal processes have provided reduced compounds necessary to fuel chemosynthetically driven ecosystems. Methane derived from thermogenic or biogenic sources can also support microbial communities in deep sea (7) and high arctic cold saline seeps (8). More recently, discoveries of life and associated processes in deep terrestrial subsurface ecosystems (9) provide compelling evidence of subsurface life that in some cases is fueled by nonphotosynthetic processes. Ou...

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“…Enceladus harbors an ocean below the ice that likewise reaches the surface. Plumes ejecting complex organic compounds into space were observed by the Cassini mission (McKay et al 2008). The underlying mechanism is known as cryo-volcanism.…”

Section: Life In Icy Moons Of the Outer Solar System?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Astrobiology and the Possibility of Life on Earth and Elsewhere…

et al. 2015

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Astrobiology is an interdisciplinary scientific field not only focused on the search of extraterrestrial life, but also on deciphering the key environmental parameters that have enabled the emergence of life on Earth. Understanding these physical and chemical parameters is fundamental knowledge necessary not only for discovering life or signs of life on other planets, but also for understanding our own terrestrial environment. Therefore, astrobiology pushes us to combine different perspectives such as the conditions on the primitive Earth, the Team of interdisciplinary scientists focused on astrobiology to review the profound transformations in the field that have occurred since the beginning of the new century. The present paper is an interdisciplinary review of current research in astrobiology, covering the major advances and main outlooks in the field. The following subjects will be reviewed and most recent discoveries will be highlighted: the new understanding of planetary system formation including the specificity of the Earth among the diversity of planets, the origin of water on Earth and its unique combined properties among solvents for the emergence of life, the idea that the Earth could have been habitable during the Hadean Era, the inventory of endogenous and exogenous sources of organic matter and new concepts about how chemistry could evolve towards biological molecules and biological systems. In addition, many new findings show the remarkable potential life has for adaptation and survival in extreme environments. All those results from different fields of science are guiding our perspectives and strategies to look for life in other Solar System objects as well as beyond, in extrasolar worlds.

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The Possible Origin and Persistence of Life on Enceladus and Detection of Biomarkers in the Plume

Cited by 164 publications

References 80 publications

Requirements and limits for life in the context of exoplanets

Requirements and limits for life in the context of exoplanets

Microbial life at −13 °C in the brine of an ice-sealed Antarctic lake

Astrobiology and the Possibility of Life on Earth and Elsewhere…

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